The physical design technique known as "substituting foreign keys" can improve performance by avoiding joins in certain situations.

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Substituting foreign keys involves including the foreign key values from a related table directly in the primary table as a column, rather than referencing the related table through a join. This can improve performance by avoiding the need for a join in certain situations. However, this technique should only be used when it is known that the related table will not change often and the value will not be null.

The Physical Design Technique Known as "Substituting Foreign Keys" Can