By establishing that the independent variable and dependent variable are correlated with each other, one has satisfied which criteria for establishing efficient causality?
A) internal validity
B) temporal precedence
C) random assignment
D) covariation

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Covariation is the criteria for establishing efficient causality, which means that the independent variable and dependent variable are correlated with each other. Internal validity refers to whether the results of a study can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable, temporal precedence refers to the idea that the independent variable must come before the dependent variable, and random assignment is a method used to reduce the effects of extraneous variables on the dependent variable.

By Establishing That the Independent Variable and Dependent Variable Are