Which of the following is a condition which must be satisfied to demonstrate a causal relationship:
A) treatment variable changes occur prior to changes in the dependent variable
B) the treatment and dependent variables are associated
C) only the treatment variable has influenced the dependent variable
D) all of the above

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

All three conditions must be satisfied to demonstrate a causal relationship. A) treatment variable changes should occur before changes in the dependent variable to establish temporal precedence. B) the treatment and dependent variables must be associated to indicate a correlation between them. C) Only the treatment variable should influence the dependent variable to eliminate competing explanations for the observed relationship.

Which of the Following Is a Condition Which Must Be