The phenomenon of learned helplessness, discovered by Martin Seligman and Steven Maier, demonstrates that expectations can play a significant role in classical and operant conditioning.

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The phenomenon of learned helplessness shows that animals can learn to become passive and accept negative stimuli when their actions seem to have no effect on the outcome. This phenomenon has been studied extensively in the field of psychology and demonstrates that expectations play a significant role in classical and operant conditioning.

The Phenomenon of Learned Helplessness, Discovered by Martin Seligman and Steven