Accessing Capabilities Through an External Source Can Be Accomplished Through

Accessing capabilities through an external source can be accomplished through all of these EXCEPT

A) outsourcing, but depends on what can safely be delegated to outside suppliers.
B) joint ventures, which depend on how well the partners will work together.
C) strategic alliances, which should be selected as much for management style, culture, and goals as for their resources and capabilities.
D) learning-based collaborative partnerships for the purpose of learning how the partner does things, internalizing its methods, and thereby acquiring its capabilities.
E) promoting qualified people with the right know-how in a timely and cost-effective manner.