Which of the following study types can result in a null effect?
A) Pretest/posttest designs
B) Correlational designs
C) Within-groups designs
D) Posttest-only designs
E) All of the above

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

All of the mentioned study types can result in a null effect if the intervention or variable being studied does not produce a measurable change or correlation.

Which of the Following Study Types Can Result in a Null