Most of the free energy needed to drive ATP formation in the mitochondria is the result of an electrical contribution from a charge gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question

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The charge gradient, or electrochemical gradient, across the inner mitochondrial membrane is established through the action of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. This gradient allows for the generation of ATP through the process of ATP synthase, with the electrical contribution being a major factor in driving the formation of ATP.

Most of the Free Energy Needed to Drive ATP Formation