Which of the following is equivalent to "If S knows that p, then S believes that p, p is true, and S's belief is justified"?
A) If S believes that p, then S knows that p, and p is true.
B) If S believes that p, then S knows that p, p is true, and S's belief is justified.
C) If S believes that p, and S's belief is justified, then S knows that p.
D) If S believes that p, and S's belief is both justified and true, then S knows that p.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

The original statement includes the condition that S's belief is justified in addition to p being true and S believing that p. Option D includes all three conditions as well and is therefore equivalent. Option A does not include the condition that S's belief is justified, so it is not equivalent. Option B includes the original statement, but adds the unnecessary condition that S believes that p, which makes it not equivalent. Option C is missing the condition that p is true, so it is not equivalent.

Which of the Following Is Equivalent to "If S Knows