All of the Following Statements About the Connection Between Research

All of the following statements about the connection between research and theory are true, EXCEPT:

A) Our epistemologies guide our research questions and methods.
B) The act of interpreting and understanding research results is often guided by theory.
C) An inductive approach begins with theory and gathers data to test the theory.
D) In the post-positivist tradition, theories and methods are separate but interconnected.
E) In the critical paradigm, the theory and the research method are essentially one and the same.