One reason that observational studies are common in public health research is that many exposures in which we are interested are not ethical to assign people to experience like radiation, smoking during pregnancy, or being in a car crash).

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Observational studies are often used in public health research because it would be unethical to expose participants to harmful conditions such as radiation, smoking during pregnancy, or car crashes in an experimental study.

One Reason That Observational Studies Are Common in Public Health