When using a quasi-experimental research design, inferring causation is often hampered by the design's ability to demonstrate that:
A) A cause covaried with an effect
B) A cause came before the effect
C) Rival hypotheses are not likely explanations
D) Manipulation of the independent variable preceded measurement of the dependent variable

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Quasi-experimental designs often lack random assignment, making it difficult to rule out rival hypotheses or confounding variables as alternative explanations for the observed effects.

When Using a Quasi-Experimental Research Design, Inferring Causation Is Often