As views of substance dependence have changed based on scientific research, what is now believed to be the real driving force behind repeated excessive drug use?
A) Psychological dependence, based on reinforcement.
B) Physical dependence, caused by tolerance.
C) An allergic reaction to the substance.
D) Unmet psychological needs in early childhood.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Psychological dependence, based on reinforcement, is now widely recognized as a key factor in the cycle of addiction. This perspective emphasizes the role of mental and emotional processes in the development and maintenance of substance dependence, highlighting how drugs can serve as powerful reinforcers that encourage repeated use.

As Views of Substance Dependence Have Changed Based on Scientific