When using the t test to test a hypothesis about a population mean with an unknown population standard deviation ($\sigma$ )the degrees of freedom is defined as n - 1.

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When using the t-test for a population mean with an unknown population standard deviation, the degrees of freedom (df) is calculated as the sample size (n) minus one (n - 1). This is because one degree of freedom is lost in estimating the population mean from the sample mean.

When Using the T Test to Test a Hypothesis About σ\sigmaσ

When Using the T Test to Test a Hypothesis About $\sigma$