To measure the mass of an astronomical object, one can observe the orbital period and distance of a companion.

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This is known as Kepler's Third Law and can be used to calculate the mass of the object through the equation M = (4π²a³)/(G * T²), where M is the mass of the object, a is the distance between the object and its companion, T is the orbital period, and G is the gravitational constant.

To Measure the Mass of an Astronomical Object, One Can