________ threats to internal validity refer to data outcomes that are not the result of the experimental manipulation,but are instead the result of changes in the data collection instrument.
A)Interaction
B)Testing
C)Instrumentation
D)Historical
E)Researcher bias

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Instrumentation threats occur when changes in the measurement tool or instrument used to collect data affect the data outcomes, rather than the experimental manipulation itself. Examples could include changes in how data is collected or recorded, changes in the observers measuring data, or changes in the questionnaire used to gather data.

________ Threats to Internal Validity Refer to Data Outcomes That