Question 1

Damage to the hippocampus is most likely to lead to&#10;A)the inability to retrieve long-term memories.&#10;B)a loss in short-term memory.&#10;C)the inability to encode new long-term memories.&#10;D)a loss in implicit memories.

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is responsible for the formation of new long-term memories. Damage to this area can impair the ability to encode and store new long-term memories, while leaving long-term memories already stored in the brain intact.

Question 2

Seven plus or minus two refers to&#10;A)the different types of memory stores in humans.&#10;B)the capacity of long-term memory.&#10;C)the number of seconds information can stay in iconic memory.&#10;D)the capacity of short-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Seven plus or minus two, also known as Miller's Law, refers to the capacity of short-term memory. It suggests that the average person can hold approximately seven items (plus or minus two) in their short-term memory at any given time. This concept has been widely studied and accepted in the field of cognitive psychology.

Question 3

Terri was mugged one night while she was walking home.Later that same night,a police officer called to tell her that the police had arrested a man wearing a red baseball cap who was found in the area.Although Terri's mugger was not wearing a hat when she was mugged,she now recalls the hat when she remembers the mugging.This is an example of the

A)levels of processing effect.
B)imagination inflation effect.
C)Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM)effect.
D)misinformation effect.

D

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the misinformation effect, where new information (the fact that the police arrested a man wearing a red baseball cap) can influence a person's memory and cause them to recall details that were not originally present in their memory.

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true about flashbulb memories?&#10;A)They are far more accurate than standard memories.&#10;B)They are typically no more accurate than standard memories.&#10;C)They last for a much shorter period than standard memories.&#10;D)They contain fewer details than standard memories.

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are vivid and detailed recollections of an emotionally charged and unexpected event, but they are not necessarily more accurate than standard memories. In fact, several studies have shown that people often have inaccurate or distorted memories of these events, especially over time.

Question 5

According to the levels of processing (LOP)framework,how well we encode long-term information is most directly related to&#10;A)how frequently we encounter the information.&#10;B)how deeply we process the information.&#10;C)how long we are exposed to the information.&#10;D)how motivated we are to learn the information.

Accepted Answer

According to the levels of processing framework, the depth of processing or the extent to which we analyze and elaborate on information during encoding is the most important factor that determines the strength and durability of the resulting memory trace in long-term memory. More specifically, memories that are processed more deeply and elaborately (e.g., by focusing on the meaning, relevance, and connections with other information) are more likely to be remembered and retrieved later on than those that are processed superficially or simply repeated over and over without much thought or understanding. Therefore, the answer choice that best reflects this idea is B (how deeply we process the information). The other answer choices (how frequently we encounter the information, how long we are exposed to the information, and how motivated we are to learn the information) may also have some influence on memory encoding and retrieval, but they are not as critical or consistent as depth of processing.

Question 6

Which type of memory can accurately hold information for only about 30 seconds?&#10;A)iconic memory&#10;B)short-term memory&#10;C)sensory memory&#10;D)long-term memory

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory, also known as working memory, can accurately hold information for only about 30 seconds. This type of memory is limited in capacity and is used for temporarily holding and manipulating information for tasks like mental arithmetic or following directions. After about 30 seconds, the information is either transferred to long-term memory or forgotten.

Question 7

Early research into forgetting by Hermann Ebbinghaus found that forgetting occurs&#10;A)slowly over a long period of time.&#10;B)mostly between 12 and 24 hours after the learning event.&#10;C)slowly at first,but the rate of forgetting increases over time.&#10;D)quickly at first,but the rate of forgetting slows over time.

Accepted Answer

Ebbinghaus's research showed that forgetting happens quickly within the first few hours after learning, but the rate of forgetting decreases over time, leading to a slower loss of memory as more time passes.

Question 8

Long-term potentiation (LTP)refers to&#10;A)damage to long-term memory stores.&#10;B)the inability to encode new information.&#10;C)a strengthening of signalling between neurons.&#10;D)a weakening of signalling between neurons.

Accepted Answer

Long-term potentiation is a process in which the signalling between neurons is strengthened, typically in response to repeated stimulation. This process is believed to underlie the formation of long-term memories. Therefore, option C is the correct choice. Options A and B are incorrect as they describe impairments in memory function, whereas LTP refers to a process that enhances memory function. Option D is incorrect as it describes a weakening of signalling between neurons, which is the opposite of what LTP involves.

Question 9

What role are schemas believed to play in memory?&#10;A)Schemas store complete memories of events that can be &#34;played back&#34; at will.&#10;B)Schemas ensure that memories are highly accurate.&#10;C)Schemas help to organize information.&#10;D)Schemas help to reduce bias during recall.

Accepted Answer

Schemas are cognitive frameworks or mental structures that help organize new information and make it easier to retrieve information from memory. They provide a structure for interpreting and categorizing new information, allowing individuals to make sense of the world around them. Therefore, schemas play a key role in memory organization and retrieval. Option A is incorrect because memories are never stored as complete recordings, but rather as fragmented pieces of information. Option B is not entirely accurate because schemas may actually lead to memory distortions, resulting in inaccuracies. Option D is also incorrect because schemas can actually lead to biases in recall.

Question 10

Latasha remembers visiting Ottawa on a cloudy day when she was a child.She recalls being bored at the time,but now wishes she had paid more attention.Latasha's memory is an example of a(n )_____ memory.

A)episodic
B)semantic
C)sensory
D)implicit

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory refers to the ability to recall specific events or episodes from one's own life. This is exactly what Latasha is doing - remembering a specific day from her childhood.

Deck 7: D: Memory