Deck 13: Implementing Basic Differences Tests

Question 1

Which of the following states that the difference between the population parameters between two groups is zero?

A)null parameter
B)null hypothesis
C)alternative hypothesis
D)null alternative hypothesis
E)zero hypothesis

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In order to be potentially useful for a marketing manager,differences must at minimum be:

A)at a ratio of 2 to 1.
B)statistically significant.
C)new and not part of existing knowledge.
D)at a ratio of 10 to 1.
E)None of the above;any difference should be important to a manager.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The fact that different segments of flu or cold sufferers will consistently seek different medications targeted at their symptoms (sore throat,nasal congestion,cough,etc. )illustrates the use of:

A)differences that are significant.
B)differences that are meaningful.
C)differences that are stable.
D)differences that are actionable.
E)differences that are found in the sample.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

P values are identified by what terms on computer output by statisticians?

A)propositional values and levels of confidence
B)levels of confidence and Pearson coefficients
C)waving flags
D)significance (Sig)and probability (Prob)
E)either .0001 or .0005

Question 5

If we adopt a 95 percent level of confidence,we need a P value to be significant (i.e. ,flag is waving)if it is:

A)less than .05.
B)less than or equal to .05.
C)greater than .05.
D)greater than or equal to .05.
E))90 or greater.

Question 6

Which of the following requirements of differences means that the marketer can focus various marketing strategies and tactics,such as product design or advertising,on the market segments to accentuate the differences between the segments?

A)actionable
B)meaningful
C)stable
D)statistically significant
E)different

Question 7

The t value is used for many tests instead of the z value because:

A)it is easier to calculate and to interpret.
B)it is more widely known among statisticians.
C)assumptions of the z value are violated if sample size is 30 or less.
D)it is available on statistical software packages.
E)assumptions of the t value are violated if the sample size is 10 or less.

Question 8

Fortunately,when testing for differences,you will not need to be concerned whether to use the t or z test because:

A)the z is easier to calculate and to interpret and should always be used.
B)the t is more widely known among statisticians and should always be used.
C)assumptions of the z and t are minimal and are of concern only to statisticians.
D)SPSS,and most statistical software packages,are programmed to use the correct statistic.
E)clients will not know the difference.

Question 9

Which best represents the correct meaning of statistical significance of differences?

A)The differences found in sample data may be found in other sample data.
B)The differences found in sample data may be assumed to exist in the remainder of the sample.
C)The differences found in the sample may be assumed to exist in the population.
D)The differences found in the population may be assumed to exist in the sample.
E)A significant difference means that managers will be able to use the difference in order to develop effective marketing strategies.

Question 10

To test whether a true difference exists between two group percentages,we test the ________ hypothesis.

A)z
B)t
C)z or t hypothesis;it does not matter
D)null
E)alternative

Question 11

P values can take on a range of:

A)+1.00 to -1.00.
B)0 to 100.
C)95 to 99. $$\text { Ý }$$ $$\text { Ý }$$
D)0.000 to 1.00.
E).0001 to .0005.

Question 12

To be useful to the marketing researcher or manager,differences must be:

A)meaningful.
B)stable.
C)actionable.
D)statistically significant.
E)All of the above are needed.

Question 13

In your text,you learn to test for significant differences between:

A)two percentages or two means.
B)two percentages or three percentages.
C)two means or three percentages.
D)three or more percentages.
E)differences between a percentage and a mean.

Question 14

A meaningful difference is one that the marketing manager:

A)can potentially use as a basis for marketing decisions.
B)deems to be statistically significant.
C)finds to be at a ratio of 2 to 1.
D)finds to be stable over at least a week or so.
E)may or may not be statistically significant.

Question 15

One of the reasons that all statistically significant differences may not be meaningful is that,to a great extent,statistical significance is determined by:

A)competitors who are trying to sabotage research studies.
B)only a few customers.
C)statistical formulas that are unstable and unpredictable themselves.
D)sample size.
E)data mining software that is too new to be trustworthy.

Question 16

We have two percentages and we want to know if they are statistically different.We calculate our z and find that it is 4.21.This means that:

A)the two percentages are the same.
B)the two percentages are not statistically different.
C)the two percentages have a 421 percent chance of not being different.
D)the two percentage are statistically different.
E)the two percentages have a 421 percent chance of being different.

Question 17

A winery sees the market in three distinct segments based upon usage of wine;a dog food manufacturer sees the dog food market in 12 segments;Toyota offers 17 different models ranging from a two-seater sports car to the Avalon luxury car.These are all examples illustrating how:

A)marketers can take advantage of differences between market segments,simply by a conceptual analysis of differences in the marketplace.
B)marketers should search for all differences between each of their products or services.
C)marketers could take better advantage of differences between market segments if they had a method of determining insignificant differences in the marketplace.
D)marketers can take advantages of differences between market segments,and differences analysis can be used to discovery statistically significant,meaningful,and stable differences.
E)there are differences in the market,and by knowing statistical methods that focus on data summarization,marketers can take advantage of these differences.

Question 18

When making a comparison between two groups of respondents to determine whether or not they are statistically different,in concept,the researcher is considering the two groups as two:

A)different populations.
B)different answers.
C)different tests.
D)common groups.
E)related groups.

Question 19

Iams marketing over 20 different types of dog food,Toyota marketing over 20 different types of cars,and Boeing having five different types of commercial jets and a separate business jets division are all examples of:

A)differing markets strategy.
B)marketing variation.
C)market segmentation.
D)market separation.
E)contrasting markets.

Question 20

When a researcher is determining if two groups are statistically significant,he or she is considering the two groups as two separate populations.The question is whether or not the two different populations':

A)z scores are the same.
B)t scores are the same.
C)parameters are different.
D)associations are different.
E)summarization values are the same.

Question 21

ANOVA is called a "signal flag" procedure,meaning that if it shows significance:

A)differences between means are known.
B)there are no significant differences among the means.
C)there is a significant difference between at least one pair of means.
D)there is a significant difference between at most one pair of means.
E)there is a significant difference between all percentages.

Question 22

Which of the following SPSS commands is used to run ANOVA?

A)ANALYZE;COMPARE MEANS;ANOVA
B)ANALYZE;ANOVA;POST HOC
C)ANALYZE;COMPARE MEANS;ONE-WAY ANOVA
D)ANALYZE;COMPARE MEANS;n-WAY ANOVA
E)ANALYZE;COMPARE MEANS;ANALYSIS OF MEANS

Question 23

Market segmentation holds that different types of consumers have different requirements.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT true of a differences test?

A)With the null hypothesis,the arithmetic difference between one parameter and another is 0.
B)With both hypotheses,it is impossible to "guess" differences before testing.
C)With the null hypothesis,the statistical test begins with the assumption that the two percentages (or means)are exactly the same value.
D)The alternative hypothesis is that the two percentages (or means )are not the same value.
E)With the alternative hypothesis,the difference between parameters is not 0.

Question 25

If we wanted to test for the mean likelihood that shoppers will shop again in different departments such as home and garden versus sporting goods,versus automotive,versus electronics,we would use:

A)a z test for differences between percentages.
B)independent samples t test.
C)paired samples t test.
D)ANOVA.
E)departmental means test.

Question 26

If we were comparing the difference between the mean number of sports drinks consumed by males versus females,and we calculated a z value of 6.43,we would conclude that:

A)the probability of support of the null hypothesis of no difference is less than .01 because 6.43 is greater than 2.58.
B)the probability of support of the alternative hypothesis of no difference is less than .01 because 6.43 is greater than 2.58.
C)the probability of support of the null hypothesis of no difference is less than .01 because 6.43 is less than 2.58.
D)the probability of support of the alternative hypothesis of no difference is less than .01 because 6.43 is less than 2.58.
E)there is a 6.43 percent chance that the two means are not significantly different.

Question 27

Let's assume there are juniors,seniors,and graduate students in your class and we want to know if their average GPAs differ.What is the proper statistical test?

A)t test
B)means/differences test
C)Levene's test
D)ANOVA
E)Z test

Question 28

Suppose Hershey's chocolate managers wanted to test for differences between usage of coupons among different combinations of two or more grouping variables,such as age groups and occupation groups.The appropriate procedure to test for differences among the means of these groups would be:

A)ANOVA,Multiple Groups Analysis.
B)n-Way ANOVA.
C)GroupANOVA.
D)Percentage-Way ANOVA.
E)None of the above;this cannot be done.

Question 29

Duncan's multiple range test,Scheffe's test,and Tukey's test are used for:

A)determining the significance of association among groups of related variables.
B)determining the differences between means when ANOVA has produced a significant F value.
C)determining the differences between means when ANOVA has produced an insignificant F value.
D)determining significant differences among three or more percentages.
E)None of the above;none of these are statistical tests.

Question 30

Assume you have two questions of the same format,a 5-point scale measuring importance level.One question measures importance of prices in the selection of a restaurant and the other measures food quality.If you want to know if the two mean scores to each question are significantly different,you would use:

A)a z test of the differences between two percentages.
B)a paired samples test for the differences between two means.
C)an independent samples t test.
D)a two mean comparison z test.
E)a two question,mean comparison test.

Question 31

Which of the following commands would we use in SPSS to test for a difference between two means - one generated from a sample of heavy users of our brand and the other generated from a sample of nonusers of our brand?

A)ANALYZE;COMPARE MEANS;DIFFERENCES
B)ANALYZE;COMPARE MEANS;DIFFERENCES;TWO
C)ANALYZE;COMPARE MEANS;PAIRED SAMPLES t TEST
D)ANALYZE;COMPARE MEANS;INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES t TEST
E)ANALYZE;COMPARE MEANS;HEAVY v NON

Question 32

When a computed z value (for a test for differences between two percentages),4.21,is larger than the standard z value,1.96,then this amounts to:

A)support for the null hypothesis;the two percentages are different.
B)no support for the null hypothesis;the two percentages are not different.
C)support for the null hypothesis,the two percentages are not different.
D)no support for the null hypothesis;the two percentages are different.
E)None of the above;a z value is inappropriate for testing the differences between two percentages.

Question 33

Let's say we wanted to see if there was a significant difference between your class's mean GPA when you were all freshmen and your class's mean GPA today.What is the proper SPSS command that you would use to test this difference?

A)STATISTICS;COMPARE MEANS;SAME SAMPLE
B)STATISTICS;COMPARE MEANS;TWO-CLASS SAMPLES
C)STATISTICS;COMPARE MEANS;INDEPENDENT SAMPLES t TEST
D)STATISTICS;COMPARE MEANS;PAIRED SAMPLES t TEST
E)STATISTICS: TWO QUESTION;MEAN COMPARISON TEST

Question 34

Which of the following SPSS commands would be used to test for the significant differences between two percentages?

A)ANALYZE;COMPARE PERCENTAGES;DIFFERENCES
B)ANALYZE;COMPARE PERCENTAGES;DIFFERENCES;TWO
C)ANALYZE;COMPARE PERCENTAGES;PAIRED SAMPLES t TEST
D)DIFFERENCES;TWO SAMPLE;PERCENTAGES
E)None of the above;SPSS does not test for differences between two percentages.

Question 35

There are different statistical tests for differences between means and differences between percentages.

Question 36

The assumption of equal variances between two samples for differences testing,is evaluated by:

A)the test of variances.
B)Levene's Test for Equality of Variances.
C)Levene's Test for Heterogeneity.
D)The Staniklos-Shockley Test of Equal Common Variance.
E)None of the above;there is no such assumption.

Question 37

Although there are separate differences tests for means versus percentages,all these test for differences between two or more values.As long as you have at least two percentages or two means,any one test will be appropriate.

Question 38

An astute marketer will realize that it is impossible to customize the marketing mix to each target market's unique situation.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT part of the advantages that ANOVA has over performing multiple t tests of the significance of the differences between means?

A)It immediately notifies the researcher if there is any significant difference.
B)All the researcher needs to do is look at the "Sig."
C)It arranges the means so the significant differences can be located.
D)It arranges the means so the significant differences can be interpreted easily.
E)SPSS will only do ANOVA tests,not t-tests of the differences between means.

Question 40

If we are examining the SPSS output for testing the differences between two means from independent samples (Independent Samples t Test)and we show a Sig.of .001 for Equal variances assumed under Levene's Test for Equality of Variances,this means we:

A)should use the "equal variances assumed" output.
B)should use the "equal variances not assumed" output.
C)should not assume anything;run the test properly.
D)should conclude that the two means are significantly different.
E)should conclude that the two means are not significantly different.

Question 41

The formula for calculating the difference between two percentages calculates a z value.

Question 42

The findings of a research study presented in the textbook comparing purchasing impulses of French and Swedish supermarket shoppers reveal that marketers who seek to stimulate impulse shopping in supermarkets must vary their strategies according to the customs in each country in which they are operating.

Question 43

When testing the difference between two percentages from two independent samples,a z value larger than 1.96 indicates the difference is NOT significantly different.

Question 44

When testing for differences,a manager must first determine if the differences are meaningful and then act on the differences.Only then should he or she decide if the differences are significantly different.

Question 45

Research determines a significant difference between cold remedy preferences depending on symptoms to be relieved.When the marketing manager markets several different remedies,each designed to reduce a different symptom,we can say the differences found in the research are actionable.

Question 46

As long as different,independent samples are being tested,it is appropriate to run the paired samples test for the differences between two means on one sample's mean height (measured in feet/inches),versus another sample's mean weight (measured in pounds/ounces).

Question 47

A group comparison table is often used to summarize significant differences when reporting group differences to clients.

Question 48

If you want to determine the mean score on a research question measuring whether likelihood to purchase a new product differs between respondents in two separate income groups,you would use the independent samples t test.

Question 49

In the independent samples t test,Levene's test determines whether the variances between the two samples are approximately equal.

Question 50

In the test to determine significance difference between two means generated by independent samples,there is no provision for testing a directional hypothesis such as "males drink more soft drinks per week than females."

Question 51

When testing the difference between two percentages from two independent samples,SPSS will not make this calculation.You must do it by hand.

Question 52

Unfortunately,SPSS cannot run the paired samples t test.

Question 53

SPSS will report analysis of differences tests in terms of t tests.

Question 54

Statisticians have found that data do not meet the assumption of being normally distributed with sample sizes of 300 or more.

Question 55

Different tests are required to test the differences between the means of two samples depending upon whether or not the two samples are independent or are paired.

Question 56

When we test for the differences between two groups,the null hypothesis is that the difference in the two groups' population parameters is more than 30.

Question 57

ANOVA is used to determine if there is any correlation among three or more paired groups or samples.

Question 58

The statistical significance "flag" in SPSS is called the p value by statisticians and is denoted with "significance" or "probability" or their abbreviations.

Question 59

While researchers are expected to report research results accurately and honestly,it is not necessary to include any results that may seem contradictory or unfavorable.

Question 60

The t test is the statistical inference test to be used with small sample sizes less than or equal to 30.

Question 61

Joy Ward is the director of marketing at Helmsley College.She has been studying marketing research data collected on a national sample of high school seniors who are planning on attending college.Joy is trying to determine what appeal she should use in a direct mail campaign that will be targeted at students with high SAT/ACT scores who live within 500 miles of Helmsley.She is intrigued with the marketing research data that measures the students' ratings of importance on a number of factors affecting their decision to choose a particular college.Some of the factors are (1)programs highly valued in the job market, (2)small campus atmosphere where professors know students' names, (3)ample opportunities for an active campus life individualized programs designed around students' needs and interests,and so on.There are eight different factors and each was rated on the same 5-point importance scale ranging from "Very Important" to "Very Unimportant." Joy knows that Helmsley could ethically use either the "small campus" appeal or the "individualized program" appeal.The small campus appeal has a mean score of 4.3 on the importance scale,while the individualized program appeal has a mean score of 3.95.Because both of these numbers indicate that these are important factors for students,she wants to know if the small campus appeal is really more important than the individualized appeal in the total college bound population.Which of the following tests should Joy run?

A)a z test of the difference between two percentages
B)independent samples t test
C)paired samples t test
D)ANOVA
E)Duncan's Multiple Range Test

Question 62

If the F value in ANOVA produces a significantly high p value (aka "Sig." in SPSS)of 10 or more,then it is appropriate to proceed with an ad hoc test.

Question 63

Analysis of variance is a "signal flag" procedure.By this,we mean that it alerts the researcher to the fact that there are many differences that are statistically significant and it flags him or her to those differences which are most important,those which should be acted upon first.

Question 64

Rebecca Sims is the general manager of a chain of auto parts stores.There are 400 stores in the country and they are divided up into seven divisions based upon geography.Each division has a division manager.The firm prides itself on keeping close tabs on customer satisfaction,and Rebecca has decided to take a sample of the 400 to test a new surrogate measure of customer satisfaction - the dollar value of returned merchandise.Each sample store reports daily the dollar value of merchandise returned and an average is calculated for each division.When Rebecca sees the first set of results,she wants to know if the differences between the division means are real or due to sampling error.Rebecca should use which test?

A)a z test of the difference between two percentages
B)independent samples t test
C)paired samples t test
D)ANOVA
E)division differences test

Question 65

ANOVA's null hypothesis is that no single pair of means is significantly different.

Question 66

In interpreting the output for the Duncan's multiple range test,different means are listed as different subsets.

Question 67

The word "variance" in the name "analysis of variance" is misleading.

Question 68

Tommy Prothro,a marketing manager for Golden Snack Bars,has commissioned marketing research to determine if one recipe of snack bar is superior to another recipe.More than 400 persons who were "snack bar eaters" were involved in taste tests and,after tasting both recipes,they were asked which recipe they would purchase the next time they purchased snack bars.Tommy is now looking at the data and he sees that recipe A had 53 percent stating a preference whereas recipe B had 47 percent.Tommy's brand manager felt this was "significant" evidence that the firm should produce recipe A.But Tommy wanted more evidence so he asked the research firm to run a test to determine if there was a significant difference between the two recipes.When the firm ran the test,they reported a z value of 5.64.This means that:

A)Tommy should follow the advice of his brand manager.
B)there is no statistical significance.
C)there is no statistical difference but there is an actionable difference.
D)there is no statistical difference but there is a meaningful difference.
E)there are real differences between the two recipe preferences in the population and Tommy will have to determine if this difference is meaningful before going further.

Question 69

Tommy Prothro,a marketing manager for Golden Snack Bars,has commissioned marketing research to determine if one recipe of snack bar is superior to another recipe.More than 400 persons who were "snack bar eaters" were involved in taste tests and,after tasting both recipes,they were asked which recipe they would purchase the next time they purchased snack bars.Tommy is now looking at the data and he sees that recipe A had 53 percent stating a preference,whereas recipe B had 47 percent.Tommy's brand manager felt this was "significant" evidence that the firm should produce recipe A.But Tommy wanted more evidence so he asked the research firm to run a test to determine if there was a significant difference between the two recipes.By doing this,Tommy would get information that would allow him to determine:

A)if there are real differences between the two recipe preferences in the population.
B)if the differences between the recipes are really 6 percent or more.
C)the number of consumers in each target market preferring recipe A versus B.
D)whether or not the statisticians in the research firm agree with his brand manager.
E)None of the above;there is no statistical test to determine significant differences between two percentages.

Question 70

Mike Shula is a head football coach.His athletic department spends $30,000 a season on Lizard-Ade,a flavored drink that supposedly contributes to the performance of his players.This year,an independent sports testing association has decided to test the merits of Lizard-Ade and Shula's university has been selected as a member of the national sample.The study is an experiment in which the players,unknown to them,are divided into two groups.Group 1 receives the real Lizard-Ade prior to and during the games.Group 2 receives a placebo,which is nothing more than sugar-flavored colored water in containers made to make the sugar-flavored water appear to be Lizard-Ade.It is common practice that,following each game,the coaches evaluate films and give each player a grade ranging from 0 to 100.After the season the sports testing association collects the data.They now have a mean score of performance for each of the two groups for all of the athletic departments participating in the study.If you are the researcher,what statistical test would you conduct?

A)a z test of the difference between two percentages
B)independent samples t test
C)paired samples t test
D)ANOVA
E)None of the above because the sample size will be too large and will give erroneous results.

Question 71

n-Way ANOVA is a procedure that determines differences between three or more percentages.

Question 72

The Duncan's Multiple Range test is a post hoc test that allows the researcher to determine among which pairs of means significant differences exist.