Deck 3: Perception, Attribution, and Learning

Question 1

A person-in-situation schema is defined as a knowledge framework that describes the appropriate sequence of events in a given situation.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

People may pay attention to the same information, organize it in the same way, and yet interpret in differently.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Different people may perceive the same situation quite differently.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

When a bright red sports car stands out from a group of gray sedans, this demonstrates the projection effect.

Question 5

Impersonal schemas refer to the way individuals divide others into categories, such as types or groups, in terms of similar perceived features.

Question 6

The novelty of a situation affects a person's perception of it.

Question 7

A schema is an abstract set of features commonly associated with members of a particular category.

Question 8

The information-processing stages of the perceptual process are divided into information attention and selection, organization of information, information interpretation, and information retrieval.

Question 9

Projection is the process through which people select, organize, interpret, retrieve, and respond to information from their environment.

Question 10

Selective screening occurs only through conscious awareness.

Question 11

A person's past experiences, needs or motives, personality, values, and attitudes may all influence the law of effect.

Question 12

Script schemas combine schemas built around persons and events.

Question 13

Characteristics of the perceived person, object, or event -- such as contrast, intensity, figure-ground separation, size, motion, and repetition or novelty -- are important in the perceptual process.

Question 14

The quality or accuracy of a person's perceptions has a relatively minor impact on the person's behavior.

Question 15

The physical, social, and organizational context of the perceptual setting can influence the perceptual process.

Question 16

Intensity of the perceived person, object, or event can vary in terms of brightness, color, depth, sound, etc.

Question 17

Selective screening lets in only a tiny portion of all of the information available.

Question 18

The factors that contribute to perceptual differences and the perceptual process among people at work include characteristics of the perceived, the setting, and the perceiver.

Question 19

Impression management occurs when a person consciously decides what information to pay attention to and what information to ignore.

Question 20

Schemas are cognitive frameworks that represent organized knowledge about a given concept or stimulus developed through experience.

Question 21

Like stereotypes, halo effects are most likely to occur in the interpretation stage of the perceptual process.

Question 22

A contrast effect occurs when an individual's characteristics are compared with those of others who have been recently encountered and who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.

Question 23

Impression management is more important in face-to-face meetings than in online interactions.

Question 24

Attribution theory is the attempt to understand the causes of a certain event, assess responsibility for outcomes of the event, and evaluate the personal qualities of the people involved in the event.

Question 25

We practice a lot of impression management as a matter of routine in everyday life.

Question 26

According to attribution theory, the three factors that influence whether an event is attributed to an internal cause or an external cause are distinctiveness, consensus, and aptitude.

Question 27

Projection is the tendency to single out those aspects of a situation, person, or object that are consistent with one's own needs, values, or attitudes.

Question 28

Impression management is a person's systematic attempt to influence how others perceive us and flattering others to favorably impress them.

Question 29

The common perceptual distortions include stereotypes or prototypes, halo effects, selective perception, projection, contrast effects, and the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 30

The right social networks can create the right impression.

Question 31

When a manager comparatively ranks all his/her subordinates on their oral communication skills, the contrast effect may creep in as a perceptual bias.

Question 32

Schemas make it easier for people to remember things not included in memories.

Question 33

According to a study on ethical workplace conduct conducted for Deloitte & Touche USA, 91% of workers reported that they were more likely to behave ethically when they have work-life balance.

Question 34

Fortunately, ability and age stereotypes have almost been eliminated from the workplace today.

Question 35

Stereotypes obscure individual differences; that is, they can prevent managers from getting to know people as individuals and from accurately assessing their needs, preferences, and abilities.

Question 36

Self-fulfilling prophecy is sometimes referred to as the "Pygmalion effect."

Question 37

Halo effects are particularly important in the performance appraisal process because they can influence a manger's evaluations of subordinates' work performance.

Question 38

Projection can be controlled through a high degree of self-awareness and empathy.

Question 39

Attribution theory aids in the process of perception interpretation by focusing on how people attempt to understand the causes of a certain event, assess responsibility for the outcomes of the event, and evaluate the personal qualities of the people involved in the event.

Question 40

The effects of the self-fulfilling prophecy argue strongly for managers to adopt negative and pessimistic approaches to people at work.

Question 41

Both punishment and extinction are used to discourage positive behavior.

Question 42

In the context of attribution theory, we tend to attribute our own successes to our own internal factors and to attribute our own failures to external factors.

Question 43

In the context of attribution theory, consistency considers how consistent a person's behavior is across different situations.

Question 44

In the context of attribution theory, consistency takes into account how likely all those facing a similar situation are to respond in the same way.

Question 45

According to the law of effect, a supervisor who wants to increase the incidence of a specific employee behavior should make sure that the behavior results in positive outcomes.

Question 46

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to underestimate the influence of situational factors and to overestimate the influence of personal factors in evaluating someone else's behavior.

Question 47

Operant conditioning is the process of controlling behavior by manipulating its consequences.

Question 48

Negative reinforcement also known as avoidance) is the withdrawal of negative consequences, which tends to increase the likelihood of repeating the behavior in similar settings.

Question 49

A criticism of reinforcement strategies is that it becomes too easy for managers to abuse the power of their positions and knowledge when they exert this type of external control over individual behavior.

Question 50

A conditioned stimulus refers to a once-neutral stimulus that is paired with an original stimulus and becomes capable of affecting behavior in the same way as the initial stimulus.

Question 51

If a person performs poorly in many different situations, the tendency is to attribute the person's poor performance to external causes; but if the person performs poorly only occasionally, the tendency is to attribute the person's poor performance to internal causes.

Question 52

The law of contingent reinforcement states that the reward must be given as soon as possible after the occurrence of the desirable behavior.

Question 53

Classical conditioning is a form of learning through association that involves the manipulation of stimuli to influence behavior.

Question 54

Sometimes rewards provided to employees may not necessarily be positive reinforcers.

Question 55

Continuous reinforcement and intermittent reinforcement administer a reward each time a desired behavior occurs.

Question 56

In Pavlov's classical conditioning research, the food for the dogs was the stimulus.

Question 57

According to the work of Albert Bandura, an individual uses modeling but not the vicarious learning to acquire behavior by observing and imitating others.

Question 58

Which of the following statements about perception is false?

A) Although important, perceptions have only a minor impact on the way people respond to various situations.
B) Through perception, people process information inputs into responses involving feelings.
C) Perception is a way of forming impressions about oneself, other people, and daily life experiences.
D) Perceptions serve as a screen or filter through which information passes before it has an effect on people.
E) Through perception, people process information inputs into responses involving action.

Question 59

Classical and operant conditioning differ in two important ways. First, control in classical conditioning is via manipulation of consequences. Second, classical conditioning calls for examining antecedents, behavior, and consequences.

Question 60

If everyone using the same equipment performs poorly, the tendency is to attribute any one person's poor performance to internal causes; but if other people using the equipment perform well while one person performs poorly, the tendency is to attribute that individual's poor performance to external causes.

Question 61

In which managerial process are halo effects are particularly important?

A) Recruitment
B) Performance appraisals
C) Selection
D) Orientation
E) Training

Question 62

All of the following can cause distortion throughout the entire perceptual process EXCEPT:

A) stereotypes.
B) organizational system.
C) selective perception.
D) projection.
E) halo effects.

Question 63

When a mentally challenged candidate is overlooked by a recruiter even though he possesses skills that are perfect for the job, which perceptual distortion is likely to be experienced by the recruiter?

A) Halo effect
B) Selective perception
C) Ability stereotypes
D) Projection
E) Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 64

The stages involved in processing the information that determines a person's perceptions and reactions include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) information attention and selection.
B) information organization.
C) information interpretation.
D) information sending.
E) information retrieval.

Question 65

Mason, the director of engineering at Frost Inc. was very impressed that Blake, a production engineer, had not missed a single day of work in the past 12-month period. Mason rated Blake very high on all dimensions of his performance appraisal just based on this one aspect of Blake's performance. This error in the performance appraisal process is known as a__________.

A) halo effect
B) projection error
C) contrast error
D) leniency error
E) statutory effect

Question 66

An) __________ contains information about a person's own appearance, behavior, and personality.

A) script schema
B) self schema
C) domestic schema
D) person-in-situation schema
E) indigenous schema

Question 67

Impression management is influenced by all of the following activities EXCEPT:

A) associating with the "right people."
B) doing favors to gain approval.
C) flattering others to favorably impress them.
D) taking credit for a favorable event.
E) making new job assignments.

Question 68

Which of the following is FALSE regarding impression management in social networks?

A) You should ask yourself, "How do I want to be viewed?"
B) You should choose a username so that your future employers cannot find you online.
C) You should profile yourself only as you really would like to be known to others.
D) You should post and participate in an online forum only in ways that meet your goals for your personal brand.
E) You should view your persona as a brand.

Question 69

Which of the following sets of items relate to the perceiver as a factor influencing of the perceptual process?

A) Physical, social, and organizational contexts
B) Past experiences, needs or motives, personality, values, and attitudes
C) Contrast, intensity, figure-ground separation, size, motion, and repetition/novelty
D) Attitudes, physical characteristics, contrast, and size
E) Values, organizational norms, motion, and repetition/novelty

Question 70

Which of the following statements best describes selective screening?

A) It lets in only a tiny proportion of all of the information available
B) It should only be used sparingly because it is rarely effective
C) It is typically used in the "information retrieval" step of information processing
D) It is typically used in the "information interpretation" step of information processing
E) It is typically used in the "information organization" step of information processing

Question 71

As an experienced team leader, Nancy uses a _____ schema to think about the appropriate steps involved in running a meeting.

A) person-in-situation
B) script
C) person
D) self
E) prototype

Question 72

Which of the following statements regarding stereotypes is FALSE?

A) Stereotyping is a useful way of combining information in order to deal with information overload.
B) Stereotypes can cause inaccuracies in retrieving information.
C) Stereotypes sharpen individual differences between people.
D) Stereotypes can prevent managers from getting to know people as individuals.
E) Stereotypes can prevent managers from accurately assessing the needs, preferences, and abilities of employees.

Question 73

Tonya works at Makers Marketing Inc. The office tends to be very busy and noisy. As a result, Tonya frequently has to consciously decide what information to pay attention to and what information to ignore. Tonya is using __________ as a mechanism for information attention and selection.

A) judicious screening
B) selective sorting
C) controlled processing
D) discriminate screening
E) discerning processing

Question 74

During which stage of the perceptual process does the strongest impact of selective perception occurs in?

A) Retrieval
B) Organization
C) Sorting
D) Attention
E) Interpretation

Question 75

Which of these are factors that influence the perceptual process?

A) Inputs, throughputs, and outputs
B) Information, facts, and data
C) Perceiver, setting, and perceived
D) Perceiver, intention, and consequence
E) Intention, meaning, and result

Question 76

Which of the following statements reflect the correct order of the stages of the perceptual process?

A) Organization, attention/selection, retrieval, and interpretation.
B) Attention/selection, interpretation, organization, and retrieval.
C) Attention/selection, organization, interpretation, and retrieval.
D) Interpretation, retrieval, organization, and attention/selection.
E) Interpretation, attention/selection, retrieval, and organization.

Question 77

Which of the following statements regarding selective perception is most accurate?

A) Selective perception is the assignment of personal attributes to other individuals.
B) Selective perception occurs when an individual's characteristics are contrasted with those of others who have been recently encountered and who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
C) Selective perception is the tendency to create or find in another situation or individual that which one expects to find.
D) Selective perception occurs when one attribute of a person or situation is used to develop an overall impression of the person or situation.
E) Selective perception is the tendency to single out those aspects of a situation, person, or object that are consistent with one's own needs, values, or attitudes.

Question 78

Which type of schemas refer to the way individuals sort others into categories or stereotypes) in terms of similar perceived features?

A) Ordered schemas
B) Person schemas
C) Self schemas
D) Person-in situation schemas
E) Indigenous schemas

Question 79

Emily is considered to be an excellent production manager. However, she tends to give attention only to those aspects of the organization that affect her own production operation and to not notice the concerns of other departments. From a perceptual perspective, Emily is guilty of which perceptual distortion?

A) Halo effect
B) Statutory effect.
C) Selective perception
D) Discernment error
E) Contrast error

Question 80

Which perceptual distortion occurs when an individual's characteristics are compared with those of others recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristic?

A) Halo effect
B) Selective perception
C) Stereotypes
D) Contrast effects
E) Self-fulfilling prophecy