Deck 8: Nutrients Involved in Antioxidant Function

Question 1

What is an exchange reaction?

A)a reaction that produces free radicals
B)a two-part metabolic reaction that involves a loss and gain of electrons
C)the first stage of cancer development, in which a cell's DNA mutates
D)a reaction that converts a provitamin into the metabolically active form

Answer 1

B

Question 2

About 90% of vitamin E is stored in

A)adipose tissue.
B)the liver.
C)cell membranes.
D)the skin.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The smallest physical units of a substance are

A)molecules.
B)atoms.
C)free radicals.
D)elements.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following nutrients requires the MOST frequent consumption to assure adequate body stores?

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin E
C)vitamin C
D)beta-carotene

Question 5

A chemical reaction in which atoms lose electrons is

A)oxidation.
B)reduction.
C)radiation.
D)mineralization.

Question 6

Which of the following foods are the richest sources of vitamin E?

A)milk and dairy products
B)fruits and vegetables
C)meat, fish, and poultry
D)mayonnaise, vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds

Question 7

In an atom, the electrons orbiting around the nucleus have what kind of a charge?

A)positive
B)negative
C)equal
D)neutral

Question 8

Examples of antioxidant enzyme systems include superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and which of the following?

A)vitamin E
B)catalase
C)beta carotene
D)vitamin C

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamin E?

A)protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)in cell membranes from oxidation
B)enhancing the immune system and protecting white blood cells
C)improving the absorption of vitamin C if dietary intake is low
D)protecting low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)from oxidation

Question 10

Which water-soluble vitamin can regenerate vitamin E after it has been oxidized?

A)vitamin D
B)vitamin B₁₂
C)vitamin C
D)folate

Question 11

Free radicals

A)are very stable atoms.
B)are rarely formed by the body's fundamental physiological processes.
C)damage the cell's mitochondria.
D)are formed by exposure to air pollution and tobacco smoke.

Question 12

Taking vitamin E supplements along with which of the following substances can cause uncontrollable bleeding?

A)antidepressants
B)anticoagulants
C)cholesterol-lowering medications
D)oral contraceptives

Question 13

Carbon and hydrogen are two examples of

A)atoms.
B)antioxidants.
C)electrons.
D)nuclei.

Question 14

Jane takes anticoagulant medication daily to prevent blood clots. Which vitamin must she avoid taking in excess of the RDA, as it could interact with the medication causing uncontrollable bleeding?

A)vitamin E
B)vitamin D
C)vitamin K
D)vitamin C

Question 15

How do antioxidant minerals stabilize free radicals?

A)donate electrons or hydrogens
B)enzymatic destruction
C)phagocytosis
D)break down oxidized fatty acids

Question 16

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding free radicals?

A)Free radicals are formed as a by-product of healthy metabolism.
B)Our body has no mechanism to combat free radicals.
C)Exposure to pollution increases free radical production.
D)Many diseases, such as cancer and heart disease, are linked to free radical damage.

Question 17

A deficiency of which of the following can result in erythrocyte hemolysis, leading to anemia?

A)iron
B)vitamin E
C)vitamin C
D)zinc

Question 18

The most powerful and abundant form of vitamin E is

A)alpha-tocopherol.
B)beta-tocopherol.
C)gamma-tocopherol.
D)delta-tocopherol.

Question 19

Which of the following are required components of antioxidant enzyme systems?

A)antioxidant minerals
B)antioxidant vitamins
C)phytochemicals
D)gastrointestinal microflora

Question 20

Which of the following diseases has NOT been linked to free radical damage?

A)cancer
B)heart disease
C)arthritis
D)type 1 diabetes

Question 21

Beta-carotene is a precursor of

A)retinol.
B)alpha-tocopherol.
C)zeaxanthin.
D)ascorbic acid.

Question 22

Where does the body store selenium?

A)in the liver
B)in adipose tissue
C)in the lymph system
D)in amino acids in the body

Question 23

Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning vitamin C?

A)Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid.
B)Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant that may help to reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
C)Vitamin C helps the immune system by enabling the body to make white blood cells.
D)Smokers should consume less vitamin C than non-smokers.

Question 24

Which of the following minerals can function as an antioxidant?

A)chromium
B)calcium
C)fluoride
D)selenium

Question 25

Which of the following foods would be the BEST dietary source of preformed vitamin A?

A)carrots
B)eggs
C)cantaloupe
D)rice

Question 26

Symptoms of a vitamin C deficiency include

A)bleeding gums and loose teeth.
B)dementia and dermatitis.
C)night blindness.
D)nosebleeds.

Question 27

Keshan disease and Kashin-Beck disease are both associated with which deficiency?

A)vitamin A
B)selenium
C)vitamin E
D)calcium

Question 28

Which of the following hormones requires selenium for its synthesis?

A)estrogen
B)insulin
C)cortisol
D)thyroxine

Question 29

Which of the following is FALSE concerning carotenoids?

A)Beta-carotene is the only carotenoid that functions as an antioxidant.
B)Cooking foods that contain dietary carotenoids enhances their absorption.
C)Fruits and vegetables can be rich sources of dietary carotenoids.
D)Consuming excess dietary beta-carotene can cause skin discoloration.

Question 30

The deficiency disease associated with vitamin C is

A)scurvy.
B)erythrocyte hemolysis.
C)night blindness.
D)Keshan disease.

Question 31

Which of the following increases the RDA for vitamin C?

A)smoking cigarettes
B)drinking alcohol
C)being a vegan
D)taking supplements of vitamin C

Question 32

Consuming even moderately excessive doses of vitamin C supplements would be MOST harmful to individuals suffering from

A)scurvy.
B)diabetes mellitus.
C)hemochromatosis.
D)Keshan disease.

Question 33

Which of the following are rich sources of vitamin C?

A)milk and cheese
B)seafood
C)wheat and oats
D)green and red peppers

Question 34

Diseases that cause the malabsorption of fat can result in a deficiency of

A)vitamin A.
B)vitamin B₆.
C)vitamin C.
D)vitamin B₁₂.

Question 35

The light-sensitive pigment found in rod cells and formed by retinal and opsin is

A)chlorophyll.
B)lutein.
C)rhodopsin.
D)tocotrienal.

Question 36

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the mineral selenium?

A)Most selenium in our bodies is contained within two amino acid derivatives.
B)Selenium is involved in the maintenance of basal metabolism and body temperature.
C)Selenium is present only in foods of animal origin.
D)Selenium is a component of the glutathione peroxidase antioxidant enzyme system.

Question 37

Which of the following are NOT good sources of vitamin C?

A)citrus fruits
B)milk and cheese
C)strawberries
D)broccoli

Question 38

The MOST critical role that vitamin A plays in the human body is

A)maintaining a healthy reproductive system.
B)acting as an antioxidant and scavenging free radicals.
C)maintaining a healthy immune system.
D)maintaining healthy vision.

Question 39

MOST of the body's vitamin A is stored in the

A)liver.
B)pancreas.
C)spleen.
D)large intestine.

Question 40

Which of the following cooking methods will likely destroy the MOST vitamin C in food?

A)stir-frying
B)microwaving
C)steaming
D)boiling

Question 41

A genetic disorder that results in an excess of iron absorption and storage is

A)hemochromatosis.
B)hemocystic anemia.
C)hypoglycemia.
D)aplastic anemia.

Question 42

Which kind of cells are responsible for enabling us see in different colors?

A)rod
B)cone
C)sphere
D)pyramid

Question 43

Compounds that protect our cells from the damage caused by oxidation are known as

A)free radicals.
B)electrolytes.
C)antioxidants.
D)prooxidants.

Question 44

Antioxidants must be consumed in our diet because our bodies cannot make them.

Question 45

The three active forms of vitamin A in our bodies (retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid) are collectively referred to as the

A)carotenoids.
B)retinoids.
C)free radicals.
D)antioxidants.

Question 46

Which of the following vitamins is the MOST powerful fat-soluble antioxidant?

A)A
B)D
C)E
D)K

Question 47

Keshan disease is a heart disorder associated with which of the following deficiencies?

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin C
C)selenium
D)iron

Question 48

Substances such as aspirin and Coumadin that stop blood from clotting excessively are

A)free radicals.
B)tocopherols.
C)anticonvulsants.
D)anticoagulants.

Question 49

The nucleus of the atom has a positive charge.

Question 50

The majority of the vitamin E in our bodies is found in our adipose tissue.

Question 51

All antioxidants are water soluble.

Question 52

Which of the following is a substance that promotes oxidation and cell damage?

A)an electrolyte
B)a carotenoid
C)a prooxidant
D)a provitamin

Question 53

Which of the following is a compound that is needed to activate an enzyme?

A)a cofactor
B)a free radical
C)an electrolyte
D)an antioxidant

Question 54

Carotenosis, a skin condition associated with consuming high levels of beta-carotene, is also known as what?

A)scleroderma
B)retinosis
C)carotenoids
D)carotenoderma

Question 55

What kind of reaction results in an atom gaining electrons?

A)oxidation reaction
B)reduction reaction
C)promotion reaction
D)radical reaction

Question 56

A group of fat-soluble plant pigments that are the basis for the orange, red, and deep yellow colors of many fruits and vegetables are called

A)carotenoids.
B)provitamins.
C)prooxidants.
D)chlorophylls.

Question 57

In some people, long-term use of standard vitamin E supplements has been associated with hemorrhagic stroke caused by bleeding in the brain.

Question 58

Frying decreases the amount of vitamin E in vegetable oil.

Question 59

Free radicals are highly unstable atoms that can damage or destroy cells, often resulting in a loss of normal cellular function.

Question 60

Vitamin C assists in the synthesis of a protein that is a critical component of all connective tissues in the body, known as what?

A)Coumadin
B)collagen
C)tocopherol
D)cofactor

Question 61

Vitamin E deficiency causes xerophthalmia, irreversible blindness due to hardening of the cornea.

Question 62

Vitamin A deficiency is a severe public health concern in developing nations, often resulting in blindness and death due to infection.

Question 63

Excessive consumption of vitamin A supplements can be highly toxic.

Question 64

Only the retina's rod cells, and not its cone cells, require retinal.

Question 65

Cooking foods high in carotenoids improves their bioavailability.

Question 66

Selenium toxicity occurs from an overconsumption of foods rich in this mineral.

Question 67

Beta-carotene is a precursor of retinol.

Question 68

Scurvy is the deficiency disease associated with inadequate vitamin C intake.

Question 69

Vitamin C is not stored in the body and must be consumed frequently.

Question 70

Toxicity symptoms of vitamin A include birth defects, spontaneous abortion, blurred vision, and liver damage.

Question 71

A free radical is highly unstable because it has unpaired electrons in its outermost shell.

Question 72

Selenium is found only in animal products.

Question 73

Ninety percent of the vitamin A we absorb is stored in adipose tissue.

Question 74

Carrots, spinach, and sweet potatoes contain a large amount of preformed vitamin A.

Question 75

Selenium is the only mineral with a known antioxidant function.

Question 76

Diseases that cause malabsorption of fat can result in a vitamin C deficiency.

Question 77

As beta carotene is not considered a nutrient, no RDA has been established.

Question 78

Guinea pigs and humans are two groups that cannot synthesize their own vitamin C and must consume it in their diet.

Question 79

Carotenosis is a serious side effect of consuming too much beta-carotene; it can be fatal if untreated.

Question 80

A vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness.