Deck 9: Learning and Conditioning

Question 1

In classical conditioning the stimulus that normally evokes an automatic response even without new learning is called the

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)reflexive stimulus.
C)unconditioned stimulus.
D)orienting stimulus.

Answer 1

unconditioned stimulus.

Question 2

Which school of thought heavily influenced the study of learning in the twentieth century?

A)behaviorism
B)cognitive
C)social-learning
D)social-cognitive

Answer 2

behaviorism

Question 3

Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with

A)vicarious learning.
B)the Law of Effect.
C)operant conditioning.
D)classical conditioning.

Answer 3

classical conditioning.

Question 4

Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12,indicating that it is noontime.This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast.In this example,the conditioned response is

A)the act of eating breakfast.
B)feeling hungry.
C)the counting of the number of hours since breakfast.
D)the hands of the clock.

Question 5

A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye.Later,he blinks when he hears the tone.Before ending the experiment,what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone?

A)present the tone alone repeatedly
B)present the puff of air alone repeatedly
C)increase the loudness of the tone
D)increase the amount of air that is directed toward the eye

Question 6

When Casey opens the closet door to get some dog food,her dog salivates.What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

A)dog food
B)the cat running
C)the sound of the closet door opening
D)the dog

Question 7

Five-year-old Samantha is watching a storm from her window.A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap.Startled,Samantha jumps at the noise.This happens several times.As the storm moves farther away,Samantha jumps at the sight of a lightning bolt but hears the thunder after her jump! In this example,the unconditioned stimulus is the _______________ and the conditioned stimulus is the _______________.

A)thunder;lightning
B)jumping;lightning
C)lightning;thunder
D)thunder;jumping

Question 8

When Luke kissed Laura,her heart rate increased.Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave.Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice,her heart raced.Luke's kiss was the

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 9

When Pavlov realized that his dogs were salivating to things other than food,he called the phenomenon

A)a conditioned response.
B)a conditional response.
C)a conditioned reflex.
D)a conditional reflex.

Question 10

Before studying conditioning,Ivan Pavlov studied

A)cardiac physiology.
B)canine anatomy.
C)digestive processes.
D)the endocrine system.

Question 11

The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning is

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 12

Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

A)blinking when air is blown into your eye
B)blinking when you hear your favorite song
C)your favorite song
D)a puff of air to your eye

Question 13

According to the behaviorists

A)psychological research needs to emphasize the unconscious underpinnings of behavior.
B)the predominant area of research should be free will and the mind.
C)researchers should focus on the interaction between nature and nurture.
D)observable events and acts are the focus of psychological research.

Question 14

Every week,Jade spends her allowance on ½ pound of sour lemon gummy candies even though they always make her mouth water.One day,as she is walking down the street,Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is puckering and overflowing with saliva.In this example,the unconditioned stimulus is the

A)little white bag.
B)allowance money.
C)puckering and saliva.
D)sour lemon gummy candy.

Question 15

In classical conditioning,when a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response,the neutral stimulus eventually elicits a similar response or becomes a(n)_______ stimulus.

A)conditioned
B)discriminative
C)higher-order
D)unconditioned

Question 16

Behaviorists focus on a basic kind of learning called

A)instinctive drift.
B)conditioning.
C)absolute threshold.
D)metacognition.

Question 17

In the initial salivary reflex studied by Pavlov,what was the unconditioned stimulus?

A)food
B)thoughts of anticipation
C)salivation
D)the sight of the food dish

Question 18

Learning is a process by which experience results in

A)acquisition of motivation.
B)relatively permanent behavior change.
C)amplification of sensory stimuli.
D)delayed genetic behavioral contributions.

Question 19

An experiment finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he hears a certain piece of music.The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then plays the piece of music.The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone.In this situation the UNCONDITIONED response is the

A)increased heartbeat.
B)piece of music.
C)sound of the buzzer.
D)listening to the music.

Question 20

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?

A)unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
B)conditioned response and unconditioned response
C)neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
D)neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus

Question 21

An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female.The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture.The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone.In this situation the CONDITIONED response is the

A)increased heartbeat.
B)nude female's picture.
C)sounds of the buzzer.
D)viewing of the picture.

Question 22

An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female.The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture.The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone.In this situation the UNCONDITIONED response is the

A)increased heartbeat.
B)female's picture.
C)sounds of the buzzer.
D)viewing of the picture.

Question 23

As she walked through her neighborhood,Jodie,a 6-year-old girl,frequently saw a large brown dog.She walked to the dog to pet it,but as her hand approached the animal,it barked and bit her.The bite was painful and caused her to cry.Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size.The sight of dogs is the

A)US.
B)CS.
C)UR.
D)CR.

Question 24

When salivation occurs in response to a previously neutral stimulus,it is called a(n)

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 25

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response is called

A)extinction.
B)counterconditioning.
C)discrimination.
D)instinctive drift.

Question 26

When Luke kissed Laura,her heart rate increases.Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave.Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice thereafter,her heart raced.Old Spice After Shave was the

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 27

The classical-conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus is

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 28

Repeatedly presenting a CS by itself will result in

A)extinction.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)stimulus discrimination.
D)stimulus generalization.

Question 29

_______________ is defined as a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

A)Higher-order conditioning
B)Intermittent reinforcement
C)Stimulus discrimination
D)Spontaneous recovery

Question 30

Of the four basic elements of classical conditioning,the one the organism learns to respond to is the

A)US.
B)UR.
C)CS.
D)CR.

Question 31

_______________ is the classical-conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response.

A)Unconditioned stimulus
B)Unconditioned response
C)Conditioned stimulus
D)Conditioned response

Question 32

The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction is called

A)counterconditioning.
B)instinctive drift.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)stimulus discrimination.

Question 33

According to Pavlov,learning occurs when

A)a neutral stimulus is regularly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
B)a response is followed by reinforcement.
C)something negative is removed after a particular response.
D)reinforcers are given for successive approximations of the desired response.

Question 34

When Luke kisses Laura,her heart rate increases.Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave.Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice,her heart raced.Laura's increased heart rate when Luke kissed her was the

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 35

When Luke kissed Laura,her heart rate increases.Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave.Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice,her heart would race.Laura's increased heart rate when she smelled Old Spice was the

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 36

How does one know he/she has classically conditioned a person or an animal?

A)The unconditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the unconditioned response.
B)The unconditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the conditioned response.
C)The conditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the conditioned response.
D)The unconditioned response all by itself elicits the conditioned response.

Question 37

When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects,they began to salivate.The salivation was a(n):

A)unconditioned response.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)conditioned stimulus.

Question 38

As she walked through her neighborhood,Jodie,a 6-year-old girl,frequently saw a large brown dog.She walked to the dog to pet it,but as her hand approached the animal,it barked and bit her.The bite was painful and caused her to cry.Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size.Jodie's crying when she sees dogs is the

A)US.
B)CS.
C)UR.
D)CR.

Question 39

Spontaneous recovery

A)occurs before the pairing of the CS and US.
B)occurs after a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement.
C)is an unlearned response.
D)can occur once a response has been extinguished.

Question 40

You train your dog Milo to salivate to the sound of a bell.Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo.He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings.But the next morning,when you ring the bell,Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?

A)counterconditioning
B)instinctive drift
C)spontaneous recovery
D)stimulus discrimination

Question 41

Who was Little Albert?

A)developer of the concept of classical conditioning
B)an animal trained by using operant conditioning procedures
C)creator of methods for teaching children
D)a child who developed a fear as part of a demonstration of classical conditioning

Question 42

Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?

A)A child learns to blink her eyes to a bell because the ringing of the bell has been followed by a puff of air to the eye.
B)A pigeon learns to peck at a disk in a Skinner box to get food.
C)Rich saw that when Donna banged her fist against a particular vending machine,she got a free soft drink,so now he bangs his fist against that machine when he wants a free soft drink.
D)A monkey learns to escape from a cage.

Question 43

When an organism also responds to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus, _______________ is said to have occurred.

A)discrimination
B)generalization
C)acquisition
D)extinction

Question 44

When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits the CR,the phenomenon is called

A)stimulus discrimination.
B)stimulus generalization.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)2nd order conditioning.

Question 45

According to John B.Watson,the founder of American behaviorism,you learn to love someone else

A)when you feel close to the other person and needed by him or her.
B)through the instant chemistry and attraction that flows back and forth.
C)by pairing stroking and cuddling with the person doing the stroking and cuddling.
D)by associating the person with concepts of trust,loyalty,and companionship.

Question 46

In the experiment with Little Albert,the unconditioned stimulus was

A)the experimenter.
B)the laboratory.
C)the loud noise.
D)the rat.

Question 47

Robert Rescorla said that a stimulus must reliably _______________ an unconditioned stimulus for the stimulus to begin eliciting conditioned responding.

A)block
B)follow
C)predict
D)cause

Question 48

When words are paired with objects or other words that already elicit some emotional response,they may come to elicit that response.This would be an example of

A)higher-order conditioning.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)an intrinsic reinforcer.
D)counterconditioning.

Question 49

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of a rat,Watson and Rayner wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit,cotton wool,and a Santa Claus mask.They were studying whether or not _______________ had occurred.

A)behavior modification
B)stimulus discrimination
C)extinction
D)stimulus generalization

Question 50

Initially,when John Watson and his colleague,Rosalie Rayner,showed Little Albert a live white rat.Albert

A)began to whimper and tremble.
B)liked the rat and seemed delighted.
C)tried to crawl away and escape.
D)didn't react to the rat,one way or another.

Question 51

The proverb "He who hath been bitten by a snake fears a rope" illustrates

A)an intrinsic reinforce.
B)higher-order conditioning.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)stimulus generalization .

Question 52

When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits the CR,the phenomenon is called

A)stimulus discrimination.
B)stimulus generalization.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)2nd order conditioning.

Question 53

One of the best known examples of classical conditioning in humans was the Little Albert study,conducted by

A)Pavlov.
B)Freud.
C)Watson.
D)Skinner.

Question 54

You classically condition your dog Milo to salivate when middle C is played on the piano,but you find that he also salivates when middle C is played on the guitar.You make a point of playing C on the guitar and not giving Milo any food afterward,whereas you do sometimes give him food after you play C on the piano.After a few days,Milo stops salivating when C is played on the guitar but continues to salivate when it is played on the piano.This phenomenon is known as

A)extinction.
B)stimulus discrimination.
C)higher-order conditioning.
D)instinctive drift.

Question 55

Contemporary psychologists have suggested that what an animal or person actually learns in classical conditioning is

A)an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
B)a temporal association between one stimulus and another.
C)successive approximations of the desired conditioned response.
D)information conveyed by one stimulus about another.

Question 56

The founder of American behaviorism was

A)John B.Watson.
B)Jean Piaget.
C)Ivan Pavlov.
D)B.F.Skinner.

Question 57

An analysis of the principles of classical conditioning reveals that

A)classical conditioning occurs in mammals,but not in lower species.
B)classically conditioned responses last for about two years.
C)completely eliminating a conditioned response usually requires more than one session.
D)the mere pairing of an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus is enough to produce learning.

Question 58

For classical conditioning to be most effective,the stimulus to be conditioned should

A)precede the unconditioned stimulus.
B)occur simultaneously with the unconditioned stimulus.
C)follow the unconditioned stimulus.
D)be of greater intensity than the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 59

In the experiment with Little Albert,the conditioned stimulus was

A)the experimenter.
B)the laboratory.
C)the loud noise.
D)the rat.

Question 60

Higher-order conditioning may contribute to the formation of

A)prejudice.
B)social values.
C)conditioned stimuli.
D)generalizations.

Question 61

Patients may generalize the nausea caused by chemotherapy to the place where the therapy takes place.When this occurs,the unconditioned stimulus is

A)chemotherapy.
B)nausea.
C)the place where therapy takes place.
D)the sound of the nurse's voice.

Question 62

In his observation of cats,Thorndike concluded that

A)behavior modification does not work.
B)classical conditioning creates behavior.
C)behavior is controlled by its consequences.
D)behavior is a game of chance.

Question 63

Paul is coming down with the flu,but he eats spaghetti anyway and subsequently becomes violently ill.A month later he sees that spaghetti is being served in the dining hall and is overcome by nausea.What type of learning is illustrated by this episode?

A)operant conditioning
B)cognitive learning
C)latent learning
D)classical conditioning

Question 64

Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning?

A)classical conditioning
B)insight learning
C)vicarious learning
D)operant conditioning

Question 65

In the experiment with Little Albert,the unconditioned response was

A)fear of the loud noise.
B)fear of the rat.
C)fear of the experimenter.
D)fear of the laboratory.

Question 66

When someone uses punishment to change a behavior,the behavior is likely to

A)decrease.
B)increase.
C)remain the same.
D)generalize.

Question 67

Thorndike was known for his work with

A)a puzzle box.
B)modeling.
C)monkeys.
D)a Skinner box.

Question 68

What has research on managing patient's pain and anxiety over medical treatments shown regarding placebos?

A)Placebos are not useful in reducing pain and anxiety.
B)Placebos can be powerful when they take the form of a large pill or have a brand name.
C)Placebos in the form of injections are ineffective.
D)Placebos in the form of large pills with a brand name increase pain and anxiety.

Question 69

When a 3-year-old named Peter was deathly afraid of rabbits,his fear was eliminated through

A)stimulus discrimination.
B)counterconditioning.
C)stimulus generalization.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 70

In the late 1800s,G.Stanley Hall conducted a study of anger.One case involved a 3-year-old girl who asked a calm question right in the middle of a tantrum.What did her tantrum illustrate in regard to learning?

A)That she had been reinforced for having tantrums in the past.
B)That she had been classically conditioned to associate crying with anger.
C)That she had been punished for having tantrums in the past.
D)That she had experienced higher-order conditioning of her anger responses.

Question 71

A basic principle governing operant conditioning is that

A)behaviors are controlled by their consequences.
B)animals can only be conditioned to perform behaviors that appear spontaneously.
C)for operant conditioning to occur,a conditioned stimulus must precede an unconditioned stimulus.
D)behaviors are controlled by internal causes.

Question 72

The acquisition of a conditioned fear appears to involve a receptor in the

A)frontal lobe.
B)hypothalamus.
C)amygdala.
D)olfactory gland.

Question 73

Thorndike conducted research on

A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)shaping.
D)higher-order conditioning.

Question 74

A variation of the counterconditioning procedure used in the treatment of Peter's fear of rabbits has been used to treat adult phobias.This variation is called

A)secondary punishers.
B)intermittent reinforcement.
C)systematic desensitization.
D)latent learning.

Question 75

Shortly after Martin and his wife ate filet mignon with béarnaise sauce,Martin fell ill with the flu.Classical conditioning occurred,and _______________ became a conditioned stimulus for nausea.

A)the type of china used by the restaurant
B)the presence of Martin's wife
C)the soft light from candles
D)béarnaise sauce

Question 76

In classical conditioning,the responses involved tend to be _______________,but in operant conditioning they are _______________.

A)complex and not reflexive;reflexive
B)emitted;automatic
C)reflexive;complex and not reflexive
D)secondary reinforcers;primary reinforcers

Question 77

When researchers attempted to teach slugs to dislike foods by pairing the food with an unpleasant taste,they found that

A)slugs learned to avoid the smell of carrots and then,through higher-order conditioning pairing carrot smells and potato smells,slugs began to avoid the smell of potatoes.
B)slugs learned to avoid the smell of carrots,which they normally like,but attempts at higher-order conditioning failed.
C)after the smell of carrots was paired with the bitter-tasting drug,the slugs began to avoid the place where the association had been formed and would not eat any food in that context.
D)despite numerous procedures and many attempts,it was not possible to classically condition any responses in slugs.

Question 78

The process by which a stimulus weakens the probability of the response that it follows is called

A)reinforcement.
B)punishment.
C)higher-order conditioning.
D)determinism.

Question 79

Operant conditioning is most closely associated with

A)John Watson.
B)Ivan Pavlov.
C)B.F.Skinner.
D)John Garcia.

Question 80

The process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows is called

A)higher-order conditioning.
B)latent learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)reinforcement.