Deck 20: Basic Data Analysis: Descriptive Statistics

Question 1

Combining the data from adjacent categories of a Likert-scale item is a common form of data transformation.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Descriptive statistics can summarize responses from large numbers of respondents in a few simple statistics.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A planogram is a graphical way of showing the frequency distribution in which the height of a bar corresponds to the frequency of a category.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

When responses to two rating scale questions are plotted in four quadrants of a two- dimensional table, the result is called a histogram.

Question 5

A common form of elaboration analysis is to do cross-tabulation of data within subgroups of the sample under study.

Question 6

All statistics that are appropriate to use for higher-order scales (ratio scales are the highest) are also appropriate to use with lower-order scales (nominal scales are the lowest).

Question 7

When a third variable inserted into the analysis changes the results when two other variables were studied previously, this third variable is called a moderator variable.

Question 8

Cross-tabulation allows the inspection and comparison of differences among groups based on interval or ratio measures.

Question 9

A simple tabulation of a variable's frequency distribution is sometimes called a marginal tabulation.

Question 10

Index numbers allow researchers to track a variable's value over time and compare a variable with other variables.

Question 11

The process of changing data from their original form to a format that more closely fits the research objectives of the research study is called data transformation.

Question 12

The reference base is the number of respondents or observations (in a row or column) used as a basis for computing percentages in a cross-tabulation.

Question 13

Importance-performance analysis is another name for quadrant analysis.

Question 14

A contingency table is a data matrix that displays the frequency of some combination of possible responses to multiple variables.

Question 15

Tabulation refers to the orderly arrangement of data in a table or other summary format.

Question 16

The row and column totals in a contingency table are called subtotals because they are less than the total.

Question 17

A category split means respondents below the observed median go into one category and respondents above the median go into another.

Question 18

When a data set is bimodal, a median split of the data will lead to error.

Question 19

Researchers usually are most interested in the marginals in a contingency table.

Question 20

A 3 x 4 table represents a contingency table with twelve variables.

Question 21

If 60 males are asked if they recognize the brand name, "Focus," and 35 of them correctly identify the product as a model of Ford's product line within Ford Motor Co., the proportion of males in the sample who recognize this brand name is approximately _____.

A) 0.60
B) 0.58
C) 0.35
D) 0.79

Question 22

Arranging data into a table is called _____.

A) tabulation
B) frequency
C) analysis
D) interpretation

Question 23

The transformation of raw data into a form that makes the data easier to understand and to interpret is called _____.

A) descriptive analysis
B) outlier analysis
C) computer mapping
D) creating a box and whisker plot

Question 24

Data must always be interpreted.

Question 25

SPSS and SAS are common statistical software packages used in business research.

Question 26

Counting the number of responses to questions in a survey by hand is called _____.

A) index analysis
B) tallying
C) elaboration analysis
D) moderator analysis

Question 27

If the data are time-related, then a base year is usually chosen when calculating an index number.

Question 28

A researcher is creating a table to present to a client that gives the number of respondents selecting the various product concepts of interest in the study. The client will use this information in the decision of which product concept to pursue. This table is referred to as a _____.

A) frequency table
B) concept table
C) results table
D) decision table

Question 29

The interquartile range is a measure of central tendency.

Question 30

Which of the following is a graphical way of showing the frequency distribution in which the height of a bar corresponds to the frequency of a category?

A) perceptual map
B) histogram
C) contingency table
D) frequency chart

Question 31

In business research, the process of interpretation should explain the meaning of the data in the research study to the reader of the research report.

Question 32

Box and whisker plots provide graphic representations of central tendencies, percentiles, variabilities, and the shapes of frequency distributions.

Question 33

The purpose of a table in a research report is to summarize and communicate the meaning of the data to the reader.

Question 34

An extreme value that lies far outside of the normal range of most of the data in a distribution (either as a very high score or as a very low score) is called an anomaly.

Question 35

When ranking data are transformed, the frequency of the ranking score should be divided by the score.

Question 36

Arranging data so that the number of times each category occurs is called a _____ table.

A) cross-tabulation
B) frequency
C) percentage
D) pre-coding

Question 37

Which of the following is the appropriate technique for addressing research questions involving relationships among multiple less-than interval variables?

A) cross-tabulation
B) ANOVA
C) regression
D) cluster analysis

Question 38

Counting the number of responses to different parts of a question in a survey and arranging these responses in a frequency distribution is called _____.

A) elaboration analysis
B) spurious analysis
C) marginal tabulation
D) index analysis

Question 39

Even with today's advances in technology, computing power is still a barrier to completing a research project.

Question 40

All of the following are examples of descriptive statistics EXCEPT _____.

A) p-value
B) average
C) range
D) standard deviation

Question 41

_____ is an extension of cross-tabulation in which responses to two rating-scale questions are plotted in four quadrants of a two-dimensional table.

A) Squared-analysis
B) Importance-performance analysis
C) Quadrant analysis
D) ANOVA

Question 42

A researcher is examining the row and column totals in a contingency table of stores shopped at by gender. What are these called?

A) marginals
B) subtotals
C) totals
D) running totals

Question 43

An analysis of the basic cross-tabulation for each level of a variable not previously considered, such as subgroups of the sample, is referred to as _____.

A) group analysis
B) cluster analysis
C) ANOVA
D) elaboration analysis

Question 44

If a business wants to know if more males or females work in its two manufacturing facilities, which of the following answers this question?

A) regression analysis
B) cluster analysis
C) cross-tabulation
D) interaction analysis

Question 45

Data with which type of distribution are appropriate for division based on the median split?

A) normally distributed
B) unimodal distribution
C) bimodal distribution
D) uniform distribution

Question 46

When a researcher combines the "Strongly Disagree" and "Disagree" responses on a Likert scale item to a single "Strongly Disagree/Disagree" percentage, this is an example of _____.

A) data indexing
B) collapsing the data
C) the outlier effect
D) a box and whisker plot

Question 47

_____ is the process of changing the data from their original form to a format suitable for performing a data analysis addressing research objectives.

A) Data coding
B) Data editing
C) Data entry
D) Data transformation

Question 48

Scores or observations recalibrated to indicate how they relate to a base number are referred to as _____.

A) index numbers
B) rank orders
C) elaborated numbers
D) real numbers

Question 49

The conventional rule for computing percentages in a contingency table is to compute the percentages in the direction of the _____.

A) independent variable
B) marginal totals
C) dependent variable
D) column mean

Question 50

It is hypothesized that an individual's need for cognition will influence the impact an advertising execution will have on attitudes toward the brand advertised. Need for cognition, then, is considered which type of variable?

A) dependent variable
B) external variable
C) internal variable
D) moderating variable

Question 51

Dividing a data set into two categories by placing respondents below the median in one category and respondents above the median in another is called a(n) _____.

A) median split
B) mediation
C) elaboration analysis
D) bimodal split

Question 52

When a respondent's answers to ten Likert-scale items are added up to form a total score for these questions, this is an example of _____.

A) data indexing
B) data transformation
C) contingency analysis
D) data indexing

Question 53

If a researcher wants to summarize the responses of subjects by gender and awareness of a particular brand ("Yes" or "No"), he or she would use a ______ contingency table.

A) 1 x 2
B) 2 x 2
C) 2 x 3
D) normal

Question 54

Breaking down the answer to the question: "Have you ever purchased a ticket online for an American Airlines flight?" into subgroups based on gender and zip code is an example of _____.

A) a box and whisker plot analysis
B) an index number
C) elaboration analysis
D) interquartile analysis

Question 55

When a third variable is included in the analysis that is studying the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable, and this third variable changes the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable in an important way, this third variable is called a(n) _____.

A) spurious variable
B) moderator variable
C) contingency variable
D) outlier variable

Question 56

Another name for data transformation is _____.

A) index analysis
B) data conversion
C) quadrant analysis
D) data exchange

Question 57

An analysis that compares the answer to the question: "How important is each of these attributes to you for an overnight delivery service?" (e.g. on-time delivery, accurate invoicing, price, and so forth) when comparing several delivery service companies with a rating scale that rates these companies on the quality of their service on these same attributes is known as a(n) _____.

A) moderator analysis
B) contingency analysis
C) importance-performance analysis
D) index analysis

Question 58

If the price of Brand A is transformed to a value of 100 and Brand B's value is 75, indicating its price is 25 percent lower than Brand A's price, 100 and 75 represent _____.

A) nominal rankings
B) bivariate statistics
C) p-values
D) index numbers

Question 59

A researcher interested in a data matrix that displays the frequency of some combination of possible responses to multiple variables should construct a _____.

A) perceptual map
B) contingency table
C) regression equation
D) marginal table

Question 60

The number of respondents or observations (in a row or column) used as a basis for computing percentages in a contingency table is referred to as a(n) _____.

A) reference point
B) moderator
C) statistical base
D) analytical point

Question 61

A researcher is reviewing average household income data and sees that one household reported an annual income of over $1 million. This value lies outside the normal range of the data and is called a(n) _____.

A) abnormality
B) marginal
C) outlier
D) quartile

Question 62

When tabulation is done by hand to create a frequency table, this is called ______ the data.

Question 63

When a third variable changes in important ways the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable, this third variable is called a(n) ______ variable.

Question 64

The appropriate technique for addressing research questions involving relationships among multiple less-than interval variables is _____.

Question 65

When responses to two rating scale questions are plotted in four quadrants of a two- dimensional graph, this is called ______ analysis.

Question 66

The arrangement of data into a row-and-column format that gives the number of responses for each category of the variable is known as a(n) ______ table.

Question 67

An analysis of the cross-tabulations for each level of a variable as it applies to sub-groups of the sample is known as ______ analysis.

Question 68

All of the following are software packages that can be used for data analysis EXCEPT _____.

A) Excel
B) SPSS
C) Word
D) SAS

Question 69

The orderly arrangement of data into a table is known as ______.

Question 70

_____ analysis is the elementary transformation of data in a way that describes the basic characteristics such as central tendency, distribution, and variability.

Question 71

A measure of variability that is often called by the term midspread is _____.

A) interquartile range
B) confidence interval
C) p-value
D) median

Question 72

Which of the following is used to simplify and clarify data?

A) tables
B) graphs
C) charts
D) all of these choices

Question 73

A(n) _____ is a graphical way of showing a frequency distribution in which the height of a bar corresponds to the frequency of a category.

Question 74

_____ analysis is another name for quadrant analysis.

Question 75

A two-way contingency table is referred to as a(n) _____ table.

Question 76

The _____ is the number of respondents or observations used as a basis for computing percentages.

Question 77

Index numbers require which level of measurement?

A) nominal
B) interval
C) ratio
D) ranked

Question 78

When a researcher makes inferences about the meaning of the data from a research study and draws conclusions about what these data mean in terms of their implications, this is an example of _____.

A) data analysis
B) data interpretation
C) data transformation
D) data conclusion

Question 79

A researcher desires a graphical representation of central tendencies, percentiles, variabilities, and the shapes of frequency distributions of the data. Which of the following will do this for the researcher?

A) interquartile map
B) box and whisker plot
C) perceptual map
D) histogram

Question 80

When the responses to two survey questions are presented as a cross-tabulation of the two variables studied in these two questions, the result is called a(n) ______ table.