Deck 7: Human Memory: Retention and Retrieval

Question 1

In Reder and Ross's (1983)experiment,the outcome for which condition replicated the fan effect?

A) the outcome of the exact recall condition
B) the outcome of the plausible retrieval condition
C) the outcomes for both conditions
D) the outcomes for neither condition

Answer 1

the outcome of the exact recall condition

Question 2

You have memorized a handful of statements.Which should take the LEAST time to recognize?

A) The fish ate the apple.
B) The mouse ate the orange.
C) The cat ate the apple.
D) The cat ate the cherries.

Answer 2

The mouse ate the orange.

Question 3

Material learned in the lab:

A) can interfere with material learned outside the lab.
B) can interfere with material learned outside the lab,but only in recall studies.
C) can interfere with material learned outside the lab,but only in recognition studies.
D) cannot interfere with material learned outside the lab.

Answer 3

can interfere with material learned outside the lab.

Question 4

When participants elaborate on material while studying it,they tend to recall:

A) more of what was studied,and recall their own inferences.
B) more of what was studied,but recall none of their own inferences.
C) less of what was studied,but recall their own inferences.
D) less of what was studied,and recall none of their own inferences.

Question 5

What effect does redundancy have on interference?

A) Redundancy decreases the likelihood of interference.
B) Redundancy increases the likelihood of interference.
C) Redundancy has no effect on the likelihood of interference.
D) Redundancy can sometimes alter the likelihood of interference.

Question 6

Time needed to recognize a concept will increase if the number of its associated items increases.This is the:

A) fact effect.
B) fan effect.
C) network effect.
D) priming effect.

Question 7

Which statement is TRUE of forgetting?

A) Only decay has an effect on forgetting.
B) Only interference has an effect on forgetting.
C) Both decay and interference affect forgetting.
D) Both decay and interference affect forgetting,but the effects are minimal.

Question 8

Wickelgren's measure of memory strength is known as:

A) a-prime.
B) b-prime.
C) c-prime.
D) d-prime.

Question 9

For the typical undergraduate,it seems that _____ is the period of highest arousal.

A) early morning
B) mid-afternoon
C) early evening
D) late evening

Question 10

In a typical interference experiment,which group performs the POOREST?

A) A-B group
B) A-C group
C) A-D group
D) C-D group

Question 11

Which statement is TRUE of Nelson's experiments on forgotten memories?

A) His experiments indicate that everything is remembered.
B) His experiments indicate that recall is superior to recognition.
C) His experiments indicate that forgotten memories are stored in the temporal cortex.
D) His experiments indicate that some forgotten memories are still stored.

Question 12

Retention is BEST for material learned in a _____ arousal state.

A) controlled
B) high
C) low
D) sedated

Question 13

The _____ cortex plays a major role in the retention of memory.

A) frontal
B) occipital
C) parietal
D) temporal

Question 14

The idea that forgetting occurs with the passage of time is known as the:

A) decay theory of forgetting.
B) forgetting theory.
C) interference theory of forgetting.
D) time theory of forgetting.

Question 15

LTP mirrors which power law?

A) the power law of learning
B) the power law of forgetting
C) the power law of recollection
D) the power law of retention

Question 16

Retention functions show _____ with delay.

A) diminishing gain
B) diminishing loss
C) increasing gain
D) increasing loss

Question 17

You have memorized a handful of statements.Which should take the MOST time to recognize?

A) The fish ate the apple.
B) The mouse ate the orange.
C) The cat ate the apple.
D) The cat ate the cherries.

Question 18

In Reder and Ross's (1983)experiment,they found that,in the exact recall condition,participants' response times:

A) increased when they had studied more facts.
B) increased when they had studied fewer facts.
C) were not influenced by the number of facts they had studied.
D) increased as the experiment progressed.

Question 19

In Reder and Ross's (1983)experiment,they found that,in the plausible retrieval condition,participants' response times:

A) increased when they had studied more facts.
B) increased when they had studied fewer facts.
C) were not influenced by the number of facts they had studied.
D) increased as the experiment progressed.

Question 20

Memory loss is:

A) positively accelerated-the rate of change gets larger as the delay increases.
B) positively decelerated-the rate of change gets larger as the delay decreases.
C) negatively accelerated-the rate of change gets smaller as the delay increases.
D) negatively decelerated-the rate of change gets smaller as the delay decreases.

Question 21

Events just prior to a head injury are susceptible to _____ amnesia.

A) anterograde
B) episodic
C) procedural
D) retrograde

Question 22

Some adults who remember instances of sexual abuse from their childhood may be mistaken about the accuracy of their memory.This is known as:

A) a flashbulb memory.
B) false-memory syndrome.
C) false-abuse syndrome.
D) implanted-memory syndrome.

Question 23

Neuroimaging studies suggest that implicit memories are stored in the:

A) cerebellum.
B) cortex.
C) medulla.
D) reticular formation.

Question 24

The hippocampus:

A) can discriminate between what was experienced and what was imagined.
B) can sometimes discriminate between what was experienced and what was imagined.
C) fails to discriminate between what was experienced and what was imagined.
D) does not respond to what was experienced or to what was imagined.

Question 25

Patients with damage to the hippocampal formation often suffer from _____ amnesia.

A) anterograde
B) retrograde
C) both anterograde and retrograde
D) both anterograde and procedural

Question 26

According to the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm,subjects should recall the word _____ when giving a list containing the words bed,dream,night,pillow,and slumber.

A) anger
B) distrust
C) sleep
D) whimsy

Question 27

Knowledge that we cannot consciously recall but that nonetheless manifests itself in our improved performance on some task is referred to as _____ memory.

A) episodic
B) explicit
C) implicit
D) semantic

Question 28

The hippocampus responds to false memories:

A) with higher activation than it responds to true memories.
B) with lower activation than it responds to true memories.
C) with as high activation as it responds to true memories.
D) The hippocampus does not respond to false memories.

Question 29

Playing a piano is an example of _____ knowledge.

A) declarative
B) episodic
C) procedural
D) semantic

Question 30

Godden and Baddeley found that participants recalled:

A) more words if tested in the same environment in which the words were learned.
B) fewer words if tested in the same environment in which the words were learned.
C) more words if the words were learned on shore.
D) more words if the words were learned under water.

Question 31

In _____ paradigm,participants study lists of thematically related words.

A) the Loftus-Tulving-Schacter
B) the Deese-Roediger-McDermott
C) Korsakoff's
D) Wickelgren's

Question 32

According to _____,recreating the original learning conditions makes retrieval easier.

A) the encoding-specificity principle
B) the fan effect
C) the priming effect
D) state-dependent learning

Question 33

It is thought that old memories are maintained in the:

A) basal ganglia.
B) cerebellum.
C) cerebral cortex.
D) hippocampal formation.

Question 34

A brain disorder sometimes caused by chronic alcoholism is called _____ syndrome.

A) Bahrick
B) Korsakoff
C) Penfield
D) Wickelgren

Question 35

It is easier to remember happy memories when _____ and sad memories when _____.

A) happy;happy
B) happy;sad
C) sad;happy
D) sad;sad

Question 36

Knowledge that we can consciously recall is referred to as _____ memory.

A) episodic
B) explicit
C) implicit
D) semantic

Question 37

It is thought that the _____ is particularly important in creating new memories.

A) basal ganglia
B) cerebellum
C) cerebral cortex
D) hippocampal formation

Question 38

An inability to learn new things is called _____ amnesia.

A) anterograde
B) episodic
C) procedural
D) retrograde

Question 39

New explicit memories are:

A) formed and remain in the cortex.
B) formed in the cortex but with experience,are transferred to the hippocampus.
C) formed and remain in the hippocampus.
D) formed in the hippocampus but,with experience,are transferred to the cortex.

Question 40

Loss of memory for events that occurred before a head injury is called _____ amnesia.

A) anterograde
B) episodic
C) procedural
D) retrograde

Question 41

Describe a study that suggests that redundancy protects against interference.

Question 42

_____ memories reflect general knowledge of the world.

A) Episodic
B) Implicit
C) Procedural
D) Semantic

Question 43

Huntington's disease is characterized by:

A) an inability to form new memories due to brain infection.
B) an inability to recall memories due to brain infection.
C) uncontrolled muscle movements.
D) uncontrolled verbal outbursts.

Question 44

What are dissociations? Describe the dissociations between implicit and explicit memory.

Question 45

When do interference effects occur?

Question 46

Procedural memory is another type of _____ memory.

A) episodic
B) explicit
C) implicit
D) semantic

Question 47

Describe the Anderson (1974)study on spreading activation.What were the results?

Question 48

What is the decay theory of forgetting? What is the interference theory of forgetting?

Question 49

Describe a study that suggests that material learned in the lab can interfere with material learned outside the lab.

Question 50

What evidence suggests that people will use what they can remember to infer what else they might have studied?

Question 51

Priming is a type of what kind of memory?

A) declarative memory
B) nondeclarative memory
C) procedural memory
D) conditioning

Question 52

Procedural memory is supported by the:

A) basal ganglia.
B) cerebral cortex.
C) hippocampal formation.
D) parietal cortex.

Question 53

What evidence suggests that forgotten memories are still stored?

Question 54

_____ memory refers to factual memories we can explicitly recall.

A) Declarative
B) Implicit
C) Priming
D) Procedural

Question 55

What were Penfield's findings? Why were his experiments discounted by memory researchers?

Question 56

Knowing what is a chair is an example of _____ memory.

A) episodic
B) implicit
C) procedural
D) semantic

Question 57

Why does hippocampal damage NOT eliminate old memories formed before the damage?

Question 58

_____ memories include information about where and when they were learned.

A) Episodic
B) Implicit
C) Procedural
D) Semantic

Question 59

Remembering where you parked is an example of _____ memory.

A) episodic
B) implicit
C) procedural
D) semantic

Question 60

What are the two types of declarative memory?

A) explicit memory and implicit memory
B) episodic memory and semantic memory
C) implicit memory and procedural memory
D) priming memory and procedural memory

Question 61

Learning additional associations to an item can cause old associations to be forgotten.

Question 62

What is episodic memory? What is semantic memory?

Question 63

What is meant by mood congruence? What is meant by state-dependent learning?

Question 64

Forgetting results from decay in trace strength alone.

Question 65

What is implicit memory? What is explicit memory?

Question 66

What is false-memory syndrome?

Question 67

Forgotten memories are still stored,even though we cannot retrieve them.

Question 68

The hippocampus responds to false memories and true memories with the same activation level.

Question 69

Why is the accuracy of eyewitness testimony oftentimes low?

Question 70

The context in which a memory was formed can become a cue for that memory.

Question 71

Eyewitnesses are often very accurate in the testimony they give.

Question 72

Patients with hippocampal damage experience retrograde amnesia only.

Question 73

It is easier to remember sad events when one is in a happy state.

Question 74

Amnesic patients display implicit memory.

Question 75

What is the encoding-specificity principle?

Question 76

Describe the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm.

Question 77

What is retrograde amnesia? What is anterograde amnesia?

Question 78

Explain the basic idea behind spreading activation.

Question 79

Individuals make inferences at the time of recall without being aware of it.

Question 80

Subjects are usually better at recall than recognition.