Question 1

In classical conditioning, the key element of the behavior change or learning is brought about by:&#10;A) Reward or reinforcement&#10;B) Pairing of unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus&#10;C) Maturation&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to create a learned response. Therefore, the key element for behavior change or learning is the pairing of unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus. While reward or reinforcement may be involved in some aspects of classical conditioning, it is not the primary element driving the behavior change. Maturation is also not a key element in classical conditioning.

Question 2

Which of the following theorists is NOT associated with a perceptual theory?&#10;A) Gibson&#10;B) Helmholtz&#10;C) Dewey&#10;D) Gestalt school

Accepted Answer

John Dewey is not primarily associated with any perceptual theory. He was a philosopher and psychologist who emphasized the importance of action and experience in learning and development. Gibson, Helmholtz, and the Gestalt school are all known for their contributions to perceptual theories.

Question 3

Which of the following terms defines the application of a theoretical perspective into practical treatment based decisions.&#10;A) Theory&#10;B) Frame of reference&#10;C) School of thought&#10;D) Professionalism

Accepted Answer

Frame of reference refers to the application of a theoretical perspective into practical treatment based decisions. Theory refers to the set of principles that explain and predict phenomena. School of thought refers to a group of experts who share a common theoretical perspective. Professionalism refers to the conduct, behavior, and attitude of a professional in a particular field.

Question 4

You are working with a preschool-aged child diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. The team approach to intervention is applied behavior analysis (ABA). Which of the following does NOT define ABA?

A) It has its roots in Skinner's theory.
B) It is based on antecedents and consequences.
C) It is based on the idea of the organism as active, not reactive, in the environment.
D) It is an example of a quantitative theory.

Accepted Answer

ABA (Applied Behavior Analysis) is fundamentally based on the concept of behavior being a response to environmental stimuli, emphasizing the reactive nature of organisms to their environment. This contradicts the statement in option C, which describes organisms as active, not reactive, in their environment. Skinner's theory, antecedents and consequences, and its quantitative nature are all foundational aspects of ABA.

Question 5

Which of the following theorists primarily affected thoughts about motor development?&#10;A) Sears and Bandura&#10;B) Watson and Skinner&#10;C) Gesell and McGraw&#10;D) Ainsworth and Bowlby

Accepted Answer

Gesell and McGraw are known for their work on motor development, particularly the concept of the normative sequence of development. They believed that motor development was largely genetically determined and followed a predetermined sequence of milestones. Sears and Bandura are known for their work on social learning theory, Watson and Skinner for behaviorism, and Ainsworth and Bowlby for attachment theory, which are not as closely related to motor development.

Question 6

A zone of proximal development refers to:&#10;A) Tasks that have been recently achieved&#10;B) Tasks that are in a stage of near-readiness&#10;C) A physical space that supports child cognitive development&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

A zone of proximal development refers to the range of tasks that a learner can perform only with assistance or guidance, but not yet independently. These tasks are in a stage of near-readiness, meaning that the learner has the potential to successfully complete them with the right level of support or scaffolding. It is not related to physical space or tasks that have already been achieved.

Question 7

You are walking into a room to evaluate a 14-month-old child for developmental delay. You have lots of toys with you. The child seems interested, but runs to his mother, who encourages him to play. This is an example of:

A) The attachment scenario of Ainsworth
B) Skinner's behaviorism theory
C) Kohlberg's theory
D) Sears and Bandura's social learning theory

Accepted Answer

This behavior is an example of the attachment scenario described by Mary Ainsworth, known as the "Strange Situation." It assesses the quality of attachment between children and their caregivers by observing the child's reactions to being in a new environment, being left alone, and then being reunited with their caregiver. The child's behavior of seeking comfort from his mother when faced with unfamiliar surroundings or people aligns with Ainsworth's theory on attachment.

Question 8

You are seeing a child in a Montessori-based preschool. The child has spina bifida and does not move as well as the other children. The philosophical underpinning to this educational approach of active discovery and exploration is:
A) A rationale for providing the child mobility so she can discover and learn

A) Founded in the work of Jean Piaget
B) Classified under the organismic theories
C) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The Montessori method is indeed influenced by Jean Piaget's work, which emphasizes stages of cognitive development and the importance of active discovery in learning. It aligns with organismic theories, which view development as a process driven by internal factors and interactions with the environment. Providing mobility to children with disabilities aligns with the Montessori philosophy of enabling all children to explore and learn from their environment, making all the options correct.

Question 9

The theorist discussed in the chapter who is the only true life span theorist and who views development as a series of crisis issues that must be resolved is:&#10;A) Maslow&#10;B) Erikson&#10;C) Kohlberg&#10;D) Chomsky

Accepted Answer

Erikson is the only true life span theorist as his theory covers the entirety of the human lifespan from birth to death. He also views development as a series of crisis issues that must be resolved in order to move onto the next stage of development. Maslow's theory focuses on the hierarchy of needs, Kohlberg's theory focuses on moral development, and Chomsky's theory focuses on language acquisition.

Question 10

In which of the following theoretical classifications is the individual considered to be most active?&#10;A) Organismic&#10;B) Mechanistic&#10;C) Quantitative&#10;D) Innate

Accepted Answer

In the organismic theoretical classification, the individual is considered to be most active because the focus is on the individual's innate potential for growth and development, and how they actively interact with their environment to fulfill that potential. This stands in contrast to the mechanistic approach, which sees the individual as passive and reactive to external stimuli.

Deck 3: Theoretical Framework for Human Performance