Deck 2: Foundations of Behavior

Question 1

________ developed the theory of evolution,and argued that all organisms evolve in particular ways over long periods of time,and that they survive to pass their genes on to future generations of their species.

A)Ivan Pavlov
B)Charles Darwin
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Aristotle

Answer 1

Charles Darwin

Question 2

The function of the ______________ is to carry information to and from all parts of the body.

A)soma
B)synapse
C)nervous system
D)endorphins

Answer 2

nervous system

Question 3

When Marcus talks to his therapist about the problems he is having at work,he often says,"you know,I really just don't get along well with the other people who work there.They aren't very nice,they don't do their jobs properly,and they seem determined to cause problems!" From a levels of analysis perspective,Marcus is examining the ________ level of explanation.

A)intrapersonal
B)intergroup
C)intragroup
D)interpersonal

Answer 3

interpersonal

Question 4

Which of the following two concepts would be considered the most opposite in nature?

A)hemispheric specialization and neuroplasticity
B)the nervous system and the endocrine system
C)interpersonal and intergroup levels of analysis
D)reductionism and the holistic approach

Question 5

Janet is a physician at a major medical center.She considers her patients' mental health and their social situations along with their current physical condition and symptoms when making assessments and developing treatment plans.Janet is an adherent of the __________ model of health care.

A)biopsychosocial
B)biomedical
C)sociological
D)physiological

Question 6

Every morning when they get to work,the crew of the local donut store waits to be told what to do by their manager.Some of them clean,some of them cook,and some of them do paperwork.It is the manager who instructs each individual employee on their tasks for the day.If you were to relate the manager to the human genetic system,the manager is serving as a(n):

A)human genome.
B)chromosome.
C)DNA molecule.
D)epigenome.

Question 7

Within the biopsychosocial model,which of the following levels of variables would include consideration of genetics and physiological structures?

A)biological variables
B)psychological variables
C)cultural variables
D)social variables

Question 8

The complete set of all genes within a human cell is ________.

A)polygenetic inheritance
B)the human genome
C)the human phenotype
D)homogenetic inheritance

Question 9

Human beings have ______ chromosomes in normal developmental cases.

A)13
B)23
C)32
D)46

Question 10

An individual's __________ refers to what that person looks like as a consequence of their genetic code and their environment.

A)phenotype
B)genotype
C)sex chromosomes
D)polygenic inheritance

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a level of analysis that helps with explaining a given phenomenon?

A)intrapersonal
B)interdependent
C)intergroup
D)intragroup

Question 12

Over time,psychologists have developed different ________ to act as a framework for organizing concepts and understanding behaviors,and to help with examining the origin of behaviors and predicting future outcomes.

A)theoretical models
B)neurological scripts
C)sociological schemata
D)social constructs

Question 13

Within the biopsychosocial model,which of the following levels of variables would include consideration of one's thoughts,emotions,and actions?

A)biological variables
B)psychological variables
C)cultural variables
D)social variables

Question 14

Mauricio is examining the engine of his motorcycle,trying to understand why he can't get maximum performance out of it.If he was a proponent of the concept of reductionism ,what would he do?

A)He would try adding different fuel additives to it to see if that would get better horsepower.
B)He would break it down into its smaller pieces to examine what each one does.
C)He would go out for a drive and listen carefully to the sound of the engine as it revs.
D)He would switch out the entire engine for one that he knows is working properly.

Question 15

Jason carries the genes for a rare genetic disorder,but does not have any symptoms of the disease.In this case,we can say that the disease is part of Jason's __________.

A)genotype
B)phenotype
C)dominant-recessive pattern
D)multifactorial inheritance

Question 16

________ models of human behavior focus primarily on behaviors that are adaptive - those that facilitate the survival of the species - and are shared by all humans.

A)Holistic
B)Biopsychosocial
C)Evolutionary
D)Epigenetic

Question 17

The human genome contains about ________ genes.

A)85,000
B)65,000
C)25,000
D)45,000

Question 18

The concepts of variation,inheritance,and survival of the fittest are all essential components of Darwin's theory of:

A)natural selection.
B)the human genome.
C)homeopathy.
D)osteopathy.

Question 19

The system that acts as a network of communication pathways between the brain and the body is called the __________.

A)arousal system
B)nervous system
C)limbic system
D)endocrine system

Question 20

The study of the relationship between a person's genetics and the environment in which that person lives is called:

A)neurology.
B)biopsychosocialism.
C)neuropathics.
D)epigenetics.

Question 21

The human brain contains somewhere around __________ neurons.

A)50 million
B)10 million
C)100 billion
D)2 trillion

Question 22

The nervous system could be defined as____________________.

A)a complex network of wiring and circuits that carries information to and from all parts of the body
B)a specialized system that is designed to release neurotransmitters into the bloodstream anywhere in the body
C)all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run throughout the body itself
D)a system of glands,located throughout the body,that secrete hormones and release them into the bloodstream

Question 23

The _______,or soma,is the single largest part of a human neuron.It contains the cell's DNA and is capable of coordinating the information processing for the cell.

A)myelin sheath
B)axon
C)dendrite
D)cell body

Question 24

___________,but since she still has over 100 billion left,she should recover nicely." Dr.Chapin was most likely referring to:

A)medullary cells
B)neurons
C)dendrites
D)mammillary bodies

Question 25

Mary put her hand on a hot stove.Which neuron is responsible for sending a pain message up her spinal column,where it would then enter into the main area of the cord?

A)motor neuron
B)interneuron
C)sensory neuron
D)reflex

Question 26

A specialized cell found in the nervous system that receives and sends messages within that system is called a _________.

A)glial cell
B)neuron
C)cell body
D)myelin sheath

Question 27

The function of the neuron's axon is to _________.

A)carry messages to other neurons
B)regulate the neuron's life processes
C)receive messages from neighboring neurons
D)insulate against leakage of electrical impulses

Question 28

The neuron is surrounded by a(n)________ and it has a nucleus that contains genes.

A)axon
B)dendrite
C)cell membrane
D)myelin sheath

Question 29

Which of the following are the three basic types of neurons?

A)reflexes,sensory neurons,motor neurons
B)sensory neurons,motor neurons,stem cells
C)motor neurons,stem cells,reflexes
D)interneurons,sensory neurons,motor neurons

Question 30

LaKeisha stepped on a piece of glass and quickly pulled her foot away from that sharp object.Which of the following are responsible for sending a message to the muscles in LaKeisha's foot,resulting in her pulling her foot away from the piece of glass?

A)motor neurons
B)interneurons
C)sensory neurons
D)reflexes

Question 31

A long structure leaving the cell body that action potentials travel along is called the __________.

A)cell membrane
B)dendrite
C)axon
D)myelin sheath

Question 32

In neurons,the branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons are called __________.

A)axons
B)nerve bundles
C)dendrites
D)synapses

Question 33

The part of the neuron whose name literally means "tree" is __________.

A)axon
B)dendrite
C)myelin
D)soma

Question 34

A young woman returns from a day at the beach to find she has developed a severe sunburn.Which neurons are sending the messages from her burned skin to her brain informing her of the pain from the burn?

A)sensory neurons
B)motor neurons
C)synaptic neurons
D)association neurons

Question 35

The four parts of every neuron are:

A)myelin; glia; soma; soma.
B)dendrite; soma; axon; axon terminals.
C)glia; dendrite; axon; hormones.
D)myelin; soma; dendrite; astrocytes.

Question 36

Neurons that carry information from the senses to the brain and spinal cord are called ___________.

A)motor neurons
B)interneurons
C)sensory neurons
D)reflexes

Question 37

Neurons in the human body have one purpose,and that is to send messages to:

A)other neurons.
B)glial cells.
C)myelin sheaths.
D)dendritic spines.

Question 38

_________ receive messages from other neurons and _____________ send messages to other neurons.

A)Axons; dendrites
B)Axon; soma
C)Soma; glial cells
D)Dendrites; axons

Question 39

Which part of a neuron is attached to the soma and carries messages out to other cells?

A)soma
B)axon
C)dendrite
D)cell membrane

Question 40

What is the term used to describe the projections located at the end of the axon?

A)axon terminals
B)synaptic vesicles
C)synapses
D)receptor sites

Question 41

Ezra is standing over the crib of his son,Max,and he gives Max a big smile.To his delight,Max looks up and smiles back at him.Ezra starts blinking his eyes rapidly,and the child repeats the gesture.Which type of neurons are primarily involved in this mimicry?

A)axo-axonal neurons
B)interneurons
C)dendritic neurons
D)mirror neurons

Question 42

The neural impulse traveling down the axon is _______; it gets across the synapse by _______.

A)electrical; remaining electrical but changing from positively charged to negatively charged
B)electrical; remaining electrical but changing from negatively charged to positively charged
C)electrical; being changed into a chemical message
D)chemical; being changed into an electrical message

Question 43

The state during which a neuron contains more negatively charged ions inside the cell than outside the cell and is not firing is referred to as the __________.

A)action potential
B)quiet potential
C)synaptic potential
D)resting potential

Question 44

In a state-wide lottery and he literally jumps for joy.Which neurons are sending messages from his brain to his legs ordering them to jump?

A)sensory neurons
B)motor neurons
C)interaction neurons
D)association neurons

Question 45

"All or none" is the principle stating that ________.

A)a neuron either fires or does not fire
B)a neuron fires at full strength or not at all
C)all the dendrites must be receiving messages telling the neuron to fire or it will not fire at all
D)all somas must be receiving messages telling the neuron to fire or it will not fire at all

Question 46

Of the following neurotransmitters,which has NOT been specifically implicated in psychological disorders such as depression,schizophrenia,substance abuse,and eating disorders?

A)dopamine
B)serotonin
C)glutamate
D)norepinephrine

Question 47

Pain-controlling chemicals in the body are called ______.

A)neural regulators
B)histamines
C)androgens
D)endorphins

Question 48

A nerve impulse from one neuron affects the activity of a neighboring neuron at a point of interaction called the:

A)corpuscle.
B)synapse.
C)transmission cleft.
D)neuronal junction.

Question 49

A synapse is most important in:

A)separating the medulla from the hindbrain.
B)regulating the parasympathetic nervous system.
C)the process of transmitting messages between neurons.
D)connecting the basal ganglia.

Question 50

When the electric potential in a cell is in firing versus a resting state,this electrical charge reversal is known as the _________________.

A)resting potential
B)excitation reaction
C)action potential
D)permeable reaction

Question 51

The overall electrical charge of a neuron that is "at rest" is:

A)hyperneutral.
B)positive.
C)negative.
D)neutral.

Question 52

What do we call the state of a neuron when it is not firing a neural impulse?

A)action potential
B)resting potential
C)myelination signal
D)transmission impulse

Question 53

The small,fluid-filled gap between neighboring neurons is the:

A)glia.
B)myelin sheath.
C)synaptic gap.
D)terminal.

Question 54

When a cell is "at rest," it is in a state called the ________ potential.

A)stopping
B)occipitation
C)resting
D)action

Question 55

Which of the following are responsible for acting as a facilitator of communication between sensory neurons and the brain or spinal cord?

A)motor neurons
B)interneurons
C)sensory neurons
D)reflexes

Question 56

____________ neurotransmitters make it more likely that a neuron will fire a message,whereas _____________ neurotransmitters make it less likely that a neuron will send its message.

A)Excitatory; inhibitory
B)Inhibitory; excitatory
C)Augmentation; depletion
D)Depletion; augmentation

Question 57

The action potential causes neurotransmitters to be released into the ______.

A)myelin sheath
B)axon
C)synaptic gap
D)synaptic vesicle

Question 58

Which of the following neurotransmitters is known for its role in memory enhancement?

A)GABA
B)glutamate
C)serotonin
D)norepinephrine

Question 59

Which neurotransmitter is associated with sleep,mood,and appetite?

A)GABA
B)serotonin
C)dopamine
D)acetylcholine

Question 60

Sara has been experiencing a serious memory problem.An interdisciplinary team has ruled out a range of causes and believes that a neurotransmitter is involved.Which neurotransmitter is most likely involved in this problem?

A)GABA
B)dopamine
C)serotonin
D)acetylcholine

Question 61

As she walks out of the living room,Gloriann turns out the light.In this example,Gloriann's ________ is active.

A)sympathetic nervous system
B)parasympathetic nervous system
C)autonomic nervous system
D)somatic nervous system

Question 62

Involuntary muscles and functions are controlled by the ________ nervous system.

A)somatic
B)autonomic
C)sympathetic
D)parasympathetic

Question 63

What are two roles of glial cells?

A)acting as insulation and providing structure/support to surrounding neurons
B)shaping cells and moving new neurons into place
C)regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain detectors
D)monitoring neural transmission and releasing hormones in the brain

Question 64

Every deliberate,conscious action you make,such as pedaling a bike,walking,scratching,or smelling a flower,involves neurons in the ________ nervous system.

A)sympathetic
B)somatic
C)parasympathetic
D)autonomic

Question 65

Communication between which two types of cells may be conducive to certain kinds of thoughts,such as imagination,creativity,and dreaming?

A)epidermal and adipose cells
B)glial cells and neurons
C)bipolar and amacrine cells
D)ganglion and axonal cells

Question 66

This is a long bundle of nerves that carries messages to the body from the brain and from the brain to the body.It is responsible for very fast reflexes.

A)the spinal cord
B)the corpus callosum
C)the cerebrum
D)the brainstem

Question 67

The _______ nervous system regulates the muscles over which people have conscious control.

A)somatic
B)autonomic
C)sympathetic
D)parasympathetic

Question 68

The central nervous system consists of all of the neurons that make up your ______.

A)parasympathetic and sympathetic structures
B)brain and spinal cord
C)muscles and glands
D)sense organs and sensory neurons

Question 69

The peripheral nervous system consists of the _______ and the ______ nervous systems.

A)autonomic; somatic
B)autonomic; sympathetic
C)parasympathetic; somatic
D)parasympathetic; sympathetic

Question 70

The brain and spinal cord are the major components that make up the ________.

A)central nervous system
B)somatic nervous system
C)peripheral nervous system
D)autonomic nervous system

Question 71

Which component of the nervous system mobilizes the body in times of stress?

A)central
B)somatic
C)sympathetic
D)parasympathetic

Question 72

Which of the following is a long bundle of neurons that functions as a carrier of messages from the body to the brain and from the brain to the body and is responsible for certain reflexive behaviors?

A)spinal cord
B)cerebellum
C)somatic nervous system
D)amygdala

Question 73

The two main divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

A)brain; spinal cord
B)autonomic; somatic nervous systems
C)peripheral nervous system; central nervous system
D)glands; muscles

Question 74

The branch of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for quick action in an emergency is the ________ division.

A)central
B)secondary
C)sympathetic
D)parasympathetic

Question 75

The autonomic nervous system is divided into the ________ and the ________ divisions.

A)central; peripheral
B)sympathetic; parasympathetic
C)sensory; motor
D)limbic; endocrine

Question 76

The peripheral nervous system consists of ______.

A)all the nerve cells that are outside of the brain and spinal cord
B)all nerves in the brain and the spinal cord
C)the spinal cord and autonomic system
D)the brain and the autonomic system

Question 77

All nerve cells and fibers that are NOT in the brain or spinal cord make up the __________ nervous system.

A)central
B)peripheral
C)autonomic
D)sympathetic

Question 78

The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that consists of nerves that control all of the involuntary functions in the body is called the ________ nervous system.

A)somatic
B)autonomic
C)sympathetic
D)parasympathetic

Question 79

The process of digesting your last snack or meal,or the unconscious regulation of your breathing,are all primarily rooted in the ________ nervous system.

A)autonomic
B)limbic
C)somatic
D)secondary

Question 80

The first major division of the nervous system consists of the:

A)central and peripheral nervous systems.
B)brain and spinal cord.
C)somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
D)sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.