Deck 6: Memory

Question 1

The first step in the memory process is __________ information in a form that the memory system can use.

A)encoding
B)storing
C)retrieving
D)evaluating

Answer 1

encoding

Question 2

Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as ______ rehearsal.

A)repetitive
B)imagery
C)elaborative
D)maintenance

Answer 2

maintenance

Question 3

When someone looks at an image,the retina turns the light rays from it into neural messages that go up the optic nerve so the brain can interpret them.This process is called __________.

A)encoding
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)evaluation

Answer 3

encoding

Question 4

Many middle-aged adults can vividly recall where they were and what they were doing the day that John F.Kennedy was assassinated,although they cannot remember what they were doing the day before he was assassinated.This is an example of ______.

A)an eidetic image
B)a flashbulb memory
C)a semantic memory
D)a procedural memory

Question 5

________ encoding is a sort of mental glue that helps you connect new information that you want to remember to older information that has previously been stored in long-term memory.

A)Structured
B)Eidetic
C)Elaborative
D)Spaced

Question 6

Maintenance rehearsal is defined as ________________.

A)processing the physical features of the stimulus to be remembered
B)analyzing new material in order to make it memorable
C)associating new material to be learned with information maintained in long-term memory
D)repeating some bit of information over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in short-term memory

Question 7

A memory cannot be encoded unless you are

A)using elaborative rehearsal.
B)invoking maintenance rehearsal.
C)using automatic encoding.
D)paying attention.

Question 8

You are telling your friend about a trip you took to Sea World when you were a child.During the middle of the show,the trainer slipped,fell into the water,and was nearly killed.You can remember the scene as if it happened yesterday.This is an example of which type of memory?

A)phantom
B)semantic
C)flashbulb
D)procedural

Question 9

The processes of encoding,storage,and retrieval are seen as part of the __________ model of memory.

A)information-processing
B)top-down storage
C)classical conditioning
D)cognitive model proposed by Tolman

Question 10

Which model of memory is most similar in conceptualization to the way computers function?

A)Craik and Lockhart's model
B)extinction
C)information-processing model
D)parallel distributed processing model

Question 11

________ involves three key processes - encoding information,storing it,and retrieving it at some later point.

A)Memory
B)Consciousness
C)Attention
D)Learning

Question 12

Which of the following situations is most likely to create a flashbulb memory?

A)watching a favorite movie for the fifteenth time
B)playing tennis with a friend
C)finding out that one or one's partner is pregnant
D)attending a basketball game with one's father and grandfather

Question 13

The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are __________.

A)sensory memory,short-term memory,and long-term memory
B)CS,UCS,UR,and CR
C)encoding,storage,and retrieval
D)shallow,medium,and deep processing

Question 14

In the depth-of-processing model of memory,information that gets processed at a __________ level is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a __________ level.

A)deeper; shallower
B)shallower; deeper
C)higher; lower
D)lower; higher

Question 15

When people hear a sound,their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve,which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound.This process is called __________.

A)encoding
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)evaluation

Question 16

Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called ______.

A)eidetic images
B)elaborative rehearsals
C)flashbulb memories
D)eyewitness images

Question 17

__________ is defined as the brain's ability to analyze,use,store,and retrieve many types of information.

A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Learning
D)Memory

Question 18

Research on flashbulb memories indicates that:

A)decay does not occur for these memories.
B)interference does not occur for these memories.
C)these memories are often the result of reconstruction rather than true memories.
D)they are largely susceptible to the same errors as other types of memory.

Question 19

Someone a short distance away,to whom you have been paying no attention,quietly speaks your name,and suddenly you attend to that person.This is an example of __________.

A)Broadbent's process of selective memory
B)the phi phenomenon
C)the cocktail party effect
D)cue-controlled inhibition

Question 20

Sitting in a very noisy restaurant,you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing.This is an example of __________.

A)Broadbent's forgetting theory
B)the homecoming queen party phenomenon
C)attention
D)intimacy

Question 21

Long ago,during the early days of television,when a television set was turned off it took a while for the last image that was on the screen to fade away.This phenomenon is most like __________ memory.

A)iconic
B)echoic
C)short-term
D)long-term

Question 22

What "magic number" did George Miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory?

A)11
B)9
C)7
D)5

Question 23

According to the research of Craik and Tulving (1975),we are most likely to remember information that we process at a __________ level.

A)deeper
B)medium
C)shallower
D)eidetic

Question 24

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as:

A)smelling is to seeing.
B)tasting is to smelling.
C)hearing is to tasting.
D)seeing is to hearing.

Question 25

By flashing letters on a screen for a brief moment and then asking participants to recall letters in a particular row,Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory to be __________.

A)four or five items
B)nine or ten items
C)all the letters present in a given row
D)one to two items

Question 26

Chunking is a means of ______.

A)immediately forgetting irrelevant details
B)combining information into meaningful units
C)arranging details into a hierarchy from most to least important
D)storing long-term memories

Question 27

Suppose Tamika looks up a number in the telephone book.After getting a busy signal,a minute or so later she tries to call again but has already forgotten the number! This example illustrates the limited duration of ________ memory.

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)echoic
D)implicit

Question 28

__________ is retention of memory for some period of time.

A)Encoding
B)Storage
C)Retrieval
D)Evaluation

Question 29

________ uses the analogy of a workbench to describe this short-term memory function.

A)Klatzky
B)Stroop
C)Ebbinghaus
D)Muller-Lyer

Question 30

Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order.She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE.This tactic is called ______.

A)cueing
B)shadowing
C)rote rehearsal
D)chunking

Question 31

If one wants to increase the efficiency of short-term memory,more items can be held through the process of __________.

A)chunking
B)decoding
C)rote rehearsal
D)data compression

Question 32

Letters is flashed on a screen in front of you,followed by a tone.You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard.What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?

A)primary memory
B)sensory memory
C)long-term memory
D)short-term memory

Question 33

Jamal is trying to buy something over the phone.He asks his partner to read him his credit card number.However,when he tries to repeat it to the sales clerk on the other end of the line,he can't remember all the numbers.Jamal is coming up against __________.

A)the decay of numerical memory
B)the extinction of auditory traces
C)George Miller's magic number 7,plus or minus 2
D)the limits of procedural memory

Question 34

Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?

A)primary memory
B)sensory memory
C)long-term memory
D)short-term memory

Question 35

Suzy looks up from her lunch,realizing that Jacques has just said something to her.What was it? Oh,yes,he has just asked her if she wants to go to the movies.Suzy's ability to retrieve what Jacques said a moment or two later is due to her ____________.

A)iconic sensory memory
B)echoic sensory memory
C)short-term memory
D)tactile sensory memory

Question 36

You are out for a drive with the family and are lucky enough to get a window seat.The rapidly passing scenery you see out the window is first stored in __________ memory.

A)echoic
B)iconic
C)long-term
D)short-term

Question 37

In Sperling's study of sensory memory,participants saw a grid of letters flashed for a fraction of a second.They were then asked to report:

A)one of three lines of letters.
B)only one or two of the letters in the cued line.
C)the first letter of each line only.
D)the middle letter of each line.

Question 38

In the 1950s,George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the magic number __________.

A)5,plus or minus 4
B)7,plus or minus 2
C)9,plus or minus 3
D)11,plus or minus 1

Question 39

Short-term memory is another name for ______ memory.

A)tertiary
B)working
C)sensory
D)long-term

Question 40

Which memory system is the one that is a working,active system that processes the information within it?

A)long-term memory
B)short-term memory
C)secondary memory
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 41

Janie is taking an exam in her history class.On the exam there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever that was!).Janie remembers four of them.She knows there is a fifth,but time is up.As Janie is walking down the stairs,all of a sudden,she remembers the fifth point,but it is too late.Janie had a problem with __________.

A)encoding
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)evaluation

Question 42

What types of distractions create the most impairment of short-term memory?

A)Distractions that affect the same sensory systems
B)Distractions that affect different sensory systems
C)Distractions that affect the opposite sensory systems
D)Distractions that affect all of the sensory systems

Question 43

In the game show Jeopardy! contestants are tested on general information.The type of memory used to answer these kinds of questions is _________.

A)procedural
B)semantic
C)episodic
D)working

Question 44

According to the semantic network model,it would take less time to answer "true" to which sentence?

A)"a salmon is an animal"
B)"a salmon is a fish"
C)"a canary is an animal"
D)"a dog is similar to a cat"

Question 45

The idea that each new memory is related to and classified based on previous memories and experiences is the crux of the ________ model of memory.

A)information processing
B)levels-of-processing
C)connectionist
D)Zeigarnik

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true about retrieval?

A)It is a process that allows an extinguished CR to recover.
B)It is a process of getting stored memories back out into consciousness.
C)It is a process of getting information from the sensory receptors to the brain.
D)It is the reason that conditioned taste aversions last so long.

Question 47

General knowledge,language,and concepts are seen as parts of ___________ memory.

A)episodic
B)procedural
C)declarative
D)semantic

Question 48

Memories for general facts and personal information are called _________.

A)episodic memories
B)procedural memories
C)explicit memories
D)factual memories

Question 49

The portion of memory that is more or less permanent is called ______ memory.

A)primary
B)working
C)eidetic
D)long-term

Question 50

In __________,a person must produce required information by searching memory without the help of retrieval cues.

A)recall
B)relearning
C)recognition
D)repetition

Question 51

Someone asks you to name the twenty-second president of the United States,but you can't remember.To aid your memory,the person then tells you that the president's name is the same as that of a large city on Lake Erie.Upon hearing the hint,you instantly realize that Grover Cleveland is the answer.In this situation,the hint acted as a(n)__________.

A)elaborative rehearsal cue
B)cross code
C)structural cue
D)retrieval cue

Question 52

Animal leads to dog.Dog leads to retrievers.Retrievers leads to golden retriever.And golden retriever leads to "Hannah," your first golden retriever.If you accessed the name of your first golden retriever using this process,you would have employed the use of:

A)a semantic network.
B)the information processing approach.
C)top-down processing.
D)metamemory.

Question 53

There are two types of declarative (explicit)memory: __________ and __________.

A)read-only memory; random-access memory
B)episodic memory; semantic memory
C)sensory memory; working memory
D)iconic memory; task memory

Question 54

Remembering your first day of college classes is an example of ________ memory.

A)episodic
B)semantic
C)working
D)implicit

Question 55

Suzy's mother went over the shopping list with Suzy before sending Suzy off to the store.Suzy accidentally left the list at home,so if she is to get the correct items from the list she must use which kind of memory task?

A)relearning
B)recognition
C)repetition
D)recall

Question 56

Which type of long-term memory is most difficult to bring into conscious awareness?

A)episodic memory
B)procedural memories
C)declarative memories
D)semantic memory

Question 57

Personal facts and memories of one's personal history are parts of ___________ memory.

A)episodic
B)procedural
C)declarative
D)semantic

Question 58

Which memory system has a virtually unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades?

A)short-term memory
B)long-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)implicit memory

Question 59

Declarative memories are to ________ memories as procedural memories are to __________ memories.

A)implicit; explicit
B)explicit; implicit
C)general knowledge; personal facts
D)personal facts; general knowledge

Question 60

The best analogy for the way long-term memory is conceptualized would be _________.

A)a revolving door
B)a filing cabinet
C)a desktop
D)a television

Question 61

The tendency to recall things that are presented at the beginning of a sequence is called the __________ effect.

A)serial position
B)recency
C)primacy
D)sequence order

Question 62

Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone.The other five items in between are gone from memory.This is an example of the _____________.

A)encoding specificity effect
B)serial position effect
C)TOT effect
D)reintegrative effect

Question 63

Emilio is seeing a sports psychologist to help improve his mental preparation and performance.The psychologist asks Emilio to see himself making his free throws.As Emilio visualizes his dribbling,shooting motion,and release,he sees himself as an outside observer would.Memory researchers argue this demonstrates:

A)brain stimulation that leads to the development of engrams.
B)the presence of iconic and echoic memory.
C)the reconstructive nature of memory.
D)that working memory differs from short-term memory.

Question 64

The best place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts is in _____________.

A)the biology classroom
B)an auditorium to prevent cheating
C)the English classroom
D)the special testing room used for all exams

Question 65

When given a list of items to remember,people tend to do better at recalling the last items on the list.This is known as the ______.

A)phi phenomenon
B)chunking effect
C)recency effect
D)primacy effect

Question 66

The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the __________.

A)phi phenomenon
B)implicit memory effect
C)serial position effect
D)sequestering effect

Question 67

Ted,Sharon,and Bob were a committee chosen to hire a salesperson for the company where they worked.Gary,who on paper appeared to be a very strong applicant,started out his interview by making an inappropriate comment regarding Sharon's appearance.Despite the fact that the rest of the interview was outstanding,Ted,Sharon,and Bob could not re-direct their focus away from Gary's initial comment.Later,when discussing Gary's interview,no one could recall anything other than the opening statement.This might be an example of __________.

A)the recency effect
B)the primacy effect
C)sensory decay
D)retrograde amnesia

Question 68

M.psychology class.She was tired but went to class.As she left class,she could remember only small portions of the lecture.Denise is demonstrating:

A)decay.
B)absentmindedness.
C)interference.
D)source monitoring.

Question 69

When asked to recall the date of John Kennedy's assassination,Peter draws a blank; however,when asked whether it was October 24,1962,November 22,1963,or February 1,1965,he correctly answers with the second of the choices.This example most clearly demonstrates the value of ______.

A)state-dependent memory
B)retrieval cues
C)cross links in deep structure
D)mnemonic devices

Question 70

The tendency to recall things that are presented at the end of a sequence is called the __________ effect.

A)serial position
B)recency
C)primacy
D)sequence order

Question 71

Which of the following statements is true of retrieval cues?

A)They are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory.
B)They are aids in rote rehearsal in short-term memory.
C)They can be helpful in both long- and short-term memory.
D)They have been recently shown to have little effect on the accessibility of information.

Question 72

The fading of memory with the passage of time marks decay and which of the "Seven Sins of Memory"?

A)absentmindedness
B)bias
C)misattribution
D)transience

Question 73

People in attendance introducing themselves.Michelle could only remember the first two and last two people she was introduced to.This is an example of __________.

A)the primacy effect
B)the recency effect
C)the serial position effect
D)the state-dependent memory effect

Question 74

Your best friend is an airline pilot.You often ask her about her flying experiences,but the stories she tells are rather bland.One day she invites you to accompany her on a flight.Surprisingly,after you are up in the air,she begins to share with you all kinds of interesting stories.What is the best explanation for this change?

A)state-dependent learning
B)elaborative specificity
C)context-dependent learning
D)mood-dependent learning

Question 75

Which of the "Seven Sins of Memory" occurs when memories become distorted because they are distorted and confused,thus blurring the line between fact and fiction?

A)misinformation
B)bias
C)misattribution
D)source monitoring

Question 76

How do retrieval cues help you to remember?

A)They provide inferences.
B)They help chunk information.
C)They prompt retrieval of a long-term memory.
D)They provide numbers for ideas.

Question 77

As memories get older,they are most likely ____________________.

A)to get lost
B)to become stronger,more accurate,and more vivid
C)to be regarded as unreliable by the person using them
D)to become changed or altered in some fashion

Question 78

The inability to momentarily remember a person's name,which you indeed know quite well,is an example of which of the "Seven Sins of Memory"?

A)blocking
B)decay
C)persistence
D)suggestibility

Question 79

When one attempts to recreate a retrieval environment that is as similar to the initial encoding,or learning,environment as possible,he or she is making use of the principle of:

A)distributed practice.
B)context-dependent learning.
C)parsimony.
D)priming.

Question 80

The tip of the tongue phenomenon is an example of which of the seven sins of memory?

A)forgetting
B)transience
C)blocking
D)misattribution