Deck 3: Understanding Individual Differences: Part A

Question 1

Individual differences are the personal attributes that are the same within a population,but vary between cultures.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

In Learning from Experience: Steve Jobs at Apple,Jobs was thrown out of Apple in 1985 because of his "personality" clashes with others.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Theories of personality often attempt to describe the differences between people.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

There is only one definition of personality that is accepted by all experts.

Question 5

No single definition of personality is accepted universally.

Question 6

In Learning from Experience: Steve Jobs at Apple,Jean-Louis Gassée,a former Apple executive,who once worked with Jobs described him as a "quiet and competent leader".

Question 7

Most personality theorists argue that heredity plays no role in the of development of characteristics and only environmental forces determine personality characteristics.

Question 8

Aspects of the environment that influence personality formation include culture,family,group membership,and life experiences.

Question 9

Personality theory is an attempt to understand specific behaviors only related to job performance.

Question 10

One of the most serious errors that managers can make is to assume that their subordinates are just like themselves in terms of societal values,personality,or any other individual difference.

Question 11

Personality development occurs to a certain extent throughout life,but the greatest changes occur in early adulthood.

Question 12

The two general sources that shape personality differences are referred to as heredity and environment,or as nature and nurture.

Question 13

Theories of personality often describe cultural practices and beliefs.

Question 14

Culture helps to determine broad patterns of behavioral similarity among people,but differences in behavior usually exist among individuals within a culture.

Question 15

Some studies of twins suggest that as much as 50 percent to 55 percent of personality traits may be inherited.

Question 16

Individualism implies a tight-knit social framework distinguishing themselves from out-groups.

Question 17

Inherited characteristics play a larger role in shaping personality than does the environment.

Question 18

One of the benefits of understanding personality theory for the manager is the awareness that each employee in an organization is unique and may or may not respond as others do in a particular situation

Question 19

Managers and employees raised in the same culture will not necessarily have the same values,since not all individuals respond to cultural influences equally.

Question 20

Individualism and/or collectivism play no role in organizational behaviors.

Question 21

The cultural belief in collectivism in countries such as the Japan,Taiwan,and South Korea makes the use of teams a natural extension of their nation's cultural values.

Question 22

Gender role orientation refers to the inborn tendencies to behave in a certain manner according to one's gender.

Question 23

Employees in low uncertainty avoidance cultures accept job mobility and layoffs.

Question 24

Personal achievement,pleasure,and competition are all highly valued in countries characterized by an emphasis on individualism.

Question 25

Power avoidance is the extent to which people rely on procedures,and organizations (including government)to avoid ambiguity,unpredictability,and risk.

Question 26

Managers should believe that employees raised in the same culture as themselves will share the same values.

Question 27

Employees in low power distance cultures are more likely to take orders without question and follow the instructions of their managers.

Question 28

The primary vehicle for socializing an individual into a particular culture is the person's immediate family.

Question 29

Short-term orientation is the extent to which the society embraces the virtues oriented toward future rewards.

Question 30

In feminine cultures,dominant values include caring for others,people and relationships,and quality of work life.

Question 31

Employees in high power distance cultures would consider bypassing a manager in order to get their work done as insubordination.

Question 32

Harmony,face-saving,and an emphasis on in-group over individual goals are all highly valued in countries characterized by an emphasis on individualism.

Question 33

Employees in high power distance cultures behave submissively to managers and avoid disagreements with them.

Question 34

In a low uncertainty avoidance culture,the main work values include freedom,individual rights,achievement,and thinking for oneself.

Question 35

A short-term orientation ranking indicates fostering respect for tradition,preservation of "face," concern with status and social obligations.

Question 36

Job satisfaction is the extent to which people in a society accept status and power inequalities as a normal and functional aspect of life.

Question 37

Employees in low uncertainty avoidance cultures expect more secure and long-term employment.

Question 38

A short-term orientation ranking indicates the society prescribes to the values of sustained commitments,perseverance,and thrift.

Question 39

In countries characterized by an emphasis on collectivism,in-group goals are generally thought to be less important than the individual's personal goals.

Question 40

In countries characterized by an emphasis on collectivism,in-group goals are generally thought to be more important than the individual's personal goals.

Question 41

The "Big Five" describe the individual's emotional stability,sociability,conscientiousness,agreeableness,and openness.

Question 42

The extended family generally does not have as much influence as the immediate family.

Question 43

According to research,individual personality structure for all people can be summarized by five major factors.

Question 44

There are literally thousands of personality traits,the names of which simply represent the terms that people use to describe each other.

Question 45

Chris believes that people are basically honest,decent,and trustworthy.It is likely that Chris is high on openness.

Question 46

When selecting customer service representatives,a personality test that measures the "openness" factor would probably be more appropriate than one measuring the "agreeableness" factor.

Question 47

The term "personality preference" typically refers to the basic components of personality,and not to the overall structure of personality.

Question 48

Each of the "Big Five" personality factors represents both a collection of unrelated traits that are present for only a short duration of one's life.

Question 49

In the Self Competency,David Neeleman of JetBlue,the CEO grew up in the slums of Brazil.

Question 50

Agreeableness is the degree to which a person is calm,secure,and free from persistent negative feelings.

Question 51

The structure of personality is summarized in a set of descriptions,known as the "Big Five" personality factors.

Question 52

The development of gender role orientation depends on a series of experiences that include the opportunity to achieve goals,meet expectations,and develop a clear sense of being valued by others.

Question 53

Playmates and school groups early in life have no effect on personality development.

Question 54

Extraversion is the degree to which a person is calm,secure,and free from persistent negative feelings.

Question 55

Michelle is comfortable talking with others and establishing new interpersonal relationships.It is likely that she is high on extraversion.

Question 56

In the Self Competency,David Neeleman of JetBlue,the CEO is rarely seen on flights flying the plane.

Question 57

According to research,individual personality structure for all people can be summarized by three major factors.

Question 58

Social and group experiences generally do not play a role in personality development in later life.

Question 59

The person's extended family is the primary vehicle for socializing an individual into a particular culture.

Question 60

Emotional stability is the degree to which a person is calm,secure,and free from persistent negative feelings.

Question 61

When selecting research scientists,a personality test that measures the "adjustment" factor would probably be more appropriate than one measuring the "intellectual openness" factor.

Question 62

An organization looking to hire political lobbyists probably should try to hire individuals with an external locus of control and high self-esteem.

Question 63

Social empathy refers to recognizing one's emotions,strengths and limitations,and capabilities an how these affect others.

Question 64

An organization looking to hire political lobbyists probably should try to hire individuals with an internal locus of control and high self-esteem.

Question 65

An organization looking to hire political lobbyists should pay little attention to applicants sense of self-esteem.

Question 66

Agreeableness is the extent to which a person believes that he or she is a worthwhile and deserving individual.

Question 67

Self esteem refers to recognizing one's emotions,strengths and limitations,and capabilities an how these affect others.

Question 68

Individuals who have a high external locus of control believe that chance,fate,or other people primarily determine what happens to them.

Question 69

Although each personality factor represents a collection of related traits,the link between personality and specific behaviors often is most clear when we focus one of the five factors rather than a single trait.

Question 70

Intellectual openness refers to how well an individual handles herself and others.

Question 71

Self-motivation refers to the ability of a person to influence others.

Question 72

Emotional intelligence refers to how well an individual handles herself and others.

Question 73

Self-esteem results from an individual's inherited characteristics.

Question 74

Self-awareness refers to recognizing one's emotions,strengths and limitations,and capabilities an how these affect others.

Question 75

Less socialable people are usually called extraverts.

Question 76

Social empathy refers to sensing what others need in order for them to develop.

Question 77

The attributes of emotional intelligence include self-awareness,social empathy,self-motivation,and social skills.

Question 78

Although each personality factor represents a collection of related traits,the link between personality and specific behaviors often is most clear when we focus on a single trait rather than one of the five factors.

Question 79

Workers with high self-esteem do not like to take risks in selecting a job,less likely to choose unconventional or nontraditional jobs than are individuals with low self-esteem.

Question 80

The single dimension among the Big Five personality factors that would be most appropriate for use in selecting employees across the broadest range of occupations is the conscientiousness factor.