Deck 24: Introduction to Memory

Question 1

Recalling a visual scene of last month's party and holding it in working memory would be most likely to activate the

A) right frontal lobe.
B) left frontal lobe.
C) right cerebellum.
D) left cerebellum.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Damage to the ________ would most likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog that had threatened you on several occasions.

A) hippocampus
B) basal ganglia
C) hypothalamus
D) cerebellum

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Damage to the ________ would most likely interfere with a person's ability to form new memories of a family vacation trip.

A) basal ganglia
B) hippocampus
C) cerebellum
D) amygdala

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Semantic memory is best described as ________ memory of ________.

A) explicit;personally experienced events
B) implicit;personally experienced events
C) explicit;facts and general knowledge
D) implicit;facts and general knowledge

Question 5

Memories of newly learned ________ are most likely to be disrupted by damage to the right hippocampus.Memories of newly learned ________ are most likely to be disrupted by damage to the left hippocampus.

A) body coordination skills;classically conditioned fears
B) classically conditioned fears;body coordination skills
C) words;visual designs
D) visual designs;words

Question 6

Following partial recovery from a severe stroke,Mr.Yanagita has learned how to ride a horse.However,he cannot consciously remember that he has learned to do this.It is likely that he has suffered damage to his

A) cerebellum.
B) hypothalamus.
C) hippocampus.
D) basal ganglia.

Question 7

The human capacity for storing long-term memories is

A) essentially limitless.
B) roughly equal to seven units of information.
C) typically much greater in young children than in adults.
D) greatly reduced after people reach the age of 65.

Question 8

The hippocampus helps process ________ memories for long-term storage.

A) procedural
B) explicit
C) automatic
D) implicit

Question 9

Explicit memory of personally experienced events is known as

A) context-dependent memory.
B) procedural memory.
C) semantic memory.
D) episodic memory.

Question 10

The hippocampus and brain cortex display simultaneous activity rhythms during sleep.This appears to be an indication of

A) priming.
B) memory consolidation.
C) the serial position effect.
D) the encoding specificity principle.

Question 11

A subregion within the ________ is likely to be especially active when people and mice are learning social information.

A) cerebellum
B) basal ganglia
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala

Question 12

The network that processes and stores explicit memories includes the

A) hippocampus and basal ganglia.
B) cerebellum and frontal lobes.
C) frontal lobes and hippocampus.
D) basal ganglia and cerebellum.

Question 13

Psychologist Karl Lashley found that rats retained at least a partial memory of how to navigate a maze after he

A) administered a drug to the rats that prevented LTP.
B) removed small pieces of the rats' cortex.
C) injected the rats with stress hormones.
D) deprived the rats of any opportunity to sleep.

Question 14

The neural storage of a long-term memory is called

A) context-dependent memory.
B) memory consolidation.
C) the serial position effect.
D) priming.

Question 15

Recalling your social security number and holding it in working memory would most clearly require activation of the

A) amygdala.
B) basal ganglia.
C) cerebellum.
D) left frontal lobe.

Question 16

Consciously recalling that Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth best illustrates

A) semantic memory.
B) state-dependent memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) episodic memory.

Question 17

Memory consolidation is the process in which memories initially registered in the ________ are transferred for long-term storage in other regions of the brain.

A) sensory cortex
B) hippocampus
C) thalamus
D) hypothalamus

Question 18

Memories initially processed in the hippocampus are transferred to the ________ for long-term storage.

A) basal ganglia
B) cortex
C) cerebellum
D) amygdala

Question 19

The rear area of the ________,which processes spatial memory,grows bigger the longer a London cab driver has been navigating the maze of city streets.

A) thalamus
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) hypothalamus

Question 20

The cerebellum and basal ganglia play an important role in the processing of ________ memories.

A) explicit
B) flashbulb
C) implicit
D) declarative

Question 21

A baseball strikes Ashley in the head and she is momentarily knocked unconscious.The physical injury,though not serious,is most likely to interfere with Ashley's

A) flashbulb memories.
B) long-term memories.
C) procedural memories.
D) very recent memories.

Question 22

Hotaka can vividly recall the devastating experience of barely surviving the tsunami that took the lives of many others.It is likely that the stress of that experience provoked the ________ to boost activity in the memory-forming areas of his brain.

A) hypothalamus
B) cerebellum
C) thalamus
D) amygdala

Question 23

Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called

A) implicit memories.
B) flashbulb memories.
C) mood-congruent memories.
D) procedural memories.

Question 24

Jane was in a car accident but has no memory of events right before the accident.What is the likely reason?

A) Her working memory did not have time to consolidate the information into long-term memory.
B) Her sensory memory failed to process the information.
C) Her long-term memory has been damaged as a result of the accident.
D) Her short-term memory did not have time to transfer the information into her working memory.

Question 25

Long-term potentiation refers to

A) the impact of effortful processing on retention.
B) an automatic tendency to recall emotionally significant events.
C) an increase in a neuron's firing potential.
D) the process of learning something without any conscious memory of having learned it.

Question 26

The temporary release of serotonin has been found to ________ memory formation,and the temporary release of stress hormones has been found to ________ memory formation.

A) disrupt;facilitate
B) facilitate;disrupt
C) disrupt;disrupt
D) facilitate;facilitate

Question 27

Infantile amnesia involves a lack of

A) implicit memories.
B) basal ganglia.
C) explicit memories.
D) automatic processing.

Question 28

The receptor sites of receiving neurons have been observed to increase following

A) priming.
B) the serial position effect.
C) long-term potentiation.
D) administration of propranolol.

Question 29

Explicit memory is to ________ as implicit memory is to ________.

A) automatic processing;effortful processing
B) sensory memory;working memory
C) hippocampus;cerebellum
D) basal ganglia;frontal lobes

Question 30

Which of the following lines of evidence does NOT confirm that LTP is a physical basis for memory?

A) Drugs that block LTP have been found to interfere with learning.
B) Drugs that mimic what happens during learning have been found to increase LTP.
C) Rats given a drug that enhanced LTP learned a maze with half the usual number of mistakes.
D) Rats given a drug that blocked LTP learned a maze with few mistakes.

Question 31

Nonspeaking children have not learned the words that we use to index much of our explicit memory.This most clearly helps to explain the occurrence of

A) mood-congruent memory.
B) long-term potentiation.
C) flashbulb memory.
D) infantile amnesia.

Question 32

The amygdala boosts activity in the brain's memory-forming areas when stimulated by

A) the basal ganglia.
B) the cerebellum.
C) stress hormones.
D) propranolol.

Question 33

The basal ganglia would be of most importance in forming implicit memories of

A) baseball batting skills.
B) radio news stories.
C) classmates' names.
D) textbook glossary terms.

Question 34

The availability of glucose energy necessary for memory consolidation is most likely to be enhanced by

A) priming.
B) stress hormones.
C) propranolol.
D) the serial position effect.

Question 35

Which of the following provides a neural basis for learning and remembering conditioned associations?

A) the serial position effect
B) long-term potentiation
C) encoding specificity
D) priming

Question 36

A year and a half after directly experiencing a San Francisco earthquake,people had very accurate recall of where they had been and what they were doing at the time of the earthquake.Their recall best illustrates ________ memory.

A) implicit
B) state-dependent
C) procedural
D) flashbulb

Question 37

When learning occurs through classical conditioning,the sea slug,Aplysia,releases more ________ at certain synapses.

A) serotonin
B) propranolol
C) insulin
D) LTP

Question 38

We long remember exciting or shocking events due to activation of the limbic system's

A) hypothalamus.
B) amygdala.
C) basal ganglia.
D) cerebellum.

Question 39

The deep brain structure(s)involved in motor movement and the formation of our procedural memories for skills is (are)the

A) amygdala.
B) hypothalamus.
C) basal ganglia.
D) hippocampus.

Question 40

Judith is showing the family photo album to her children.There are tons of pictures of their family trip to Disney World and their cruise vacation.The children were ages 3 and 4 at the time of these events.Judith is disappointed when both children tell her that they do not remember either trip.Their inability to remember illustrates

A) mild cognitive impairment.
B) priming.
C) long-term potentiation.
D) infantile amnesia.

Question 41

Lars was feeling depressed at the time of his high school graduation.Lars is especially likely to recall his high school graduation when he is

A) depressed.
B) happy.
C) relaxed.
D) unemotional.

Question 42

Individuals who received ________ for 10 days following a traumatic experience subsequently showed fewer signs of a stress disorder.

A) propranolol
B) glutamate
C) LTP
D) CREB

Question 43

Information learned while a person is ________ is best recalled when that person is ________.

A) sad;happy
B) drunk;sober
C) angry;calm
D) drunk;drunk

Question 44

The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called

A) procedural memory.
B) LTP.
C) priming.
D) the serial position effect.

Question 45

Rehearsal is to encoding as retrieval cues are to

A) long-term potentiation.
B) memory consolidation.
C) priming.
D) the serial position effect.

Question 46

The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr.Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood.The aroma apparently acted as a powerful

A) LTP.
B) retrieval cue.
C) implicit memory.
D) memory trace.

Question 47

The idea that cues and contexts associated with the acquisition of a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall that memory is known as

A) long-term potentiation.
B) the encoding specificity principle.
C) the serial position effect.
D) memory consolidation.

Question 48

Mood-congruent memory refers to the effect of emotional states on the process of

A) encoding.
B) storage.
C) retrieval.
D) memory consolidation.

Question 49

What we learn under the influence of a drug may be more easily recalled when we are once again under the influence of that same drug.This best illustrates

A) the serial position effect.
B) implicit memory.
C) state-dependent memory.
D) long-term potentiation.

Question 50

A stimulus linked to a specific memory is a(n)

A) memory trace.
B) implicit memory.
C) retrieval cue.
D) LTP.

Question 51

Context-dependent memory best illustrates that the specific location in which we learned something often provides us with effective

A) long-term potentiation.
B) implicit memories.
C) serial position effects.
D) retrieval cues.

Question 52

One approach to improving memory involves the administration of drugs that boost the LTP-enhancing neurotransmitter

A) glutamate.
B) propranolol.
C) GABA.
D) epinephrine.

Question 53

In one study,when teens were down,they rated their parents as cruel;when they were up,their parents were angels.This best illustrates

A) implicit memory.
B) infantile amnesia.
C) the serial position effect.
D) mood-congruent memory.

Question 54

Effective retrieval cues trigger the process known as

A) LTP.
B) memory consolidation.
C) the serial position effect.
D) priming.

Question 55

Shortly after you see a missing-child poster you are more likely to interpret an ambiguous adult-child interaction as a possible kidnapping.This best illustrates the impact of

A) priming.
B) long-term potentiation.
C) infantile amnesia.
D) state-dependent memory.

Question 56

Professor Schmidt has participants play violent video games and then perform a word-completion task.In this task,participants have to complete each word with its missing letter.In all cases,the missing letter could form a word related to aggression.Professor Schmidt hypothesizes that playing violent video games is associated with aggressive behavior.More than likely he believes this relationship is related to

A) mild cognitive impairment.
B) priming.
C) long-term potentiation.
D) infantile amnesia.

Question 57

Julie most accurately recalls information learned in her history classroom when her recall is tested in the very same classroom.This best illustrates

A) the serial position effect.
B) the encoding specificity principle.
C) memory consolidation.
D) flashbulb memory.

Question 58

The serial position effect refers to the tendency to recall best the ________ items in a list.

A) first
B) first and last
C) middle
D) middle and last

Question 59

Reading a romantic novel caused Consuela to recall some past experiences with a high school boyfriend.The effect of the novel on Consuela's memory retrieval is an illustration of

A) priming.
B) memory consolidation.
C) automatic processing.
D) the serial position effect.

Question 60

Words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land.This best illustrates

A) automatic processing.
B) flashbulb memory.
C) the serial position effect.
D) context-dependent memory.

Question 61

Memories of emotionally stressful events are likely to be strong due to activation of the

A) basal ganglia.
B) amygdala.
C) cerebellum.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 62

At a block party,Cyndi is introduced to eight new neighbors.Moments later,she remembers only the names of the first three and last two neighbors.Her experience best illustrates

A) state-dependent memory.
B) context-dependent memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) the serial position effect.

Question 63

Which of the following is involved in the formation of explicit memories?

A) cerebellum
B) frontal lobes
C) basal ganglia
D) amygdala

Question 64

Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear,she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents.Valerie's experience best illustrates

A) memory consolidation.
B) mood-congruent memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) the serial position effect.

Question 65

Episodic memory is best described as ________ memory of _________.

A) implicit;facts and general knowledge
B) implicit;personally experienced events
C) explicit;facts and general knowledge
D) explicit;personally experienced events

Question 66

Activating memories of your childhood by forming vivid mental images of various locations in your childhood home best illustrates

A) automatic processing.
B) a primacy effect.
C) the serial position effect.
D) priming.

Question 67

An inability to form semantic memories would most likely result from damage to the

A) basal ganglia.
B) hypothalamus.
C) cerebellum.
D) hippocampus.

Question 68

Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity?

A) working memory
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) flashbulb memory

Question 69

Which of the following is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?

A) priming
B) the primacy effect
C) encoding specificity
D) long-term potentiation

Question 70

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they first learned of the death of a close friend or family member.This best illustrates ________ memory.

A) iconic
B) flashbulb
C) implicit
D) state-dependent

Question 71

Eyewitnesses to a crime often recall the details of the crime most accurately when they return to the scene of the crime.This best illustrates

A) the serial position effect.
B) memory consolidation.
C) long-term potentiation.
D) the encoding specificity principle.

Question 72

Which of the following brain structures is central to the processing of procedural memories?

A) hippocampus
B) hypothalamus
C) basal ganglia
D) amygdala

Question 73

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes.He observed that storage of their maze memories

A) was restricted to their right cerebral hemispheres.
B) was restricted to their left and right frontal lobes.
C) was restricted to their left and right temporal lobes.
D) was not restricted to single,specific regions of the cortex.

Question 74

Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge is known as

A) episodic memory.
B) state-dependent memory.
C) semantic memory.
D) procedural memory.

Question 75

On the phone,Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store.Immediately after hearing the list,Kyoko attempts to write down the items.She is most likely to forget the items

A) at the beginning of the list.
B) at the end of the list.
C) in the middle of the list.
D) at the beginning and in the middle of the list.

Question 76

Damage to the hippocampus would be most likely to interfere with a person's ability to develop

A) procedural memories.
B) episodic memories.
C) implicit memories.
D) classically conditioned associations.

Question 77

Your relative success in recalling a dozen different names a week after you heard them listed in order is likely to illustrate

A) implicit memory.
B) a recency effect.
C) flashbulb memory.
D) a primacy effect.

Question 78

Research on the storage of memory indicates that

A) our brains can store new memories only if they discard some old memories.
B) our capacity for storing information in our short-term working memory has no real limit.
C) our brains distribute the components of a memory across a network of locations.
D) once memories are consolidated in storage,they can never be forgotten.

Question 79

The happier Judie is,the more readily she recalls positive life experiences.This best illustrates that emotional states can become

A) retrieval cues.
B) a primacy effect.
C) procedural memories.
D) flashbulb memories.

Question 80

Damage to the cerebellum would be most likely to interfere with a person's ability to develop

A) semantic memories.
B) episodic memories.
C) flashbulb memories.
D) classically conditioned associations.