Deck 15: Lipid Structure and Function

Question 1

Predict the structure of a fatty acid that is trans 16:1 ( ⁹).

A)
B)
C)
D)

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Compared with a fatty acid,a wax

A) contains a glycerol backbone.
B) has long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxylate group.
C) has long hydrocarbon chains connected with an ester linkage.
D) contains a polar phosphate group.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Predict the structure of a fatty acid that is cis 16:1 ( ⁹).

A)
B)
C)
D)

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Predict the essential -6 fatty acid.

A) trans 18:2 (
^9,12)
B) cis 18:2 (
^9,12)
C) trans 18:2 (
^6,9)
D) cis 18:2 (
^6,9)

Question 5

One advantage of using hydrogenation in the food industry is

A) decreased processing time.
B) reduction in heart disease.
C) increased shelf life.
D) decreased melting point.

Question 6

Predict the fatty acid with the highest melting point.

A) trans 14:1 (
⁷)
B) cis 14:2 (
^7,9)
C) trans 14:2 (
^7,9)
D) cis 14:3 (
^7,9,11)

Question 7

Identify the -6 fatty acid.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 8

Predict the fatty acid with the lowest melting point.

A) trans 14:1 (
⁷)
B) cis 14:2 (
^7,9)
C) trans 14:2 (
^7,9)
D) cis 14:3 (
^7,9,11)

Question 9

Identify the -3 fatty acid.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 10

Identify the wax.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 11

Using common nomenclature,name the following fatty acid.

A) trans 18:1 (
¹⁰)
B) cis 18:1 (
¹⁰)
C) trans 18:1 (
⁸)
D) cis 18:1 (
⁸)

Question 12

Using common nomenclature,name the following fatty acid.

A) trans 16:2 (
^11,13)
B) cis 16:2 (
^11,13)
C) trans 16:2 (
^3,5)
D) cis 16:2 (
^3,5)

Question 13

Classify the following fatty acid.

A) saturated
B) unsaturated
C) monounsaturated
D) polyunsaturated

Question 14

One disadvantage of using partial hydrogenation in the food industry is that

A) the shelf life of the oils is not as long.
B) trans fats are formed during the process.
C) the oils tend to become rancid and have foul odors.
D) the oils cost more than animal fats.

Question 15

Identify the polyunsaturated fatty acid.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 16

Predict the fatty acid with the highest melting point.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 17

Predict the structure of a fatty acid that is trans 18:2 ( ^9,11).

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 18

A fatty acid that has more than one double bond is referred to as

A) monosaturated.
B) monounsaturated.
C) polysaturated.
D) polyunsaturated.

Question 19

Using common nomenclature,name the following fatty acid.

A) trans 14:1 (
⁷)
B) cis 14:1 (
⁷)
C) trans 14:7 (
¹)
D) cis 14:7 (
¹)

Question 20

Partial hydrogenation can result in the formation of

A) -3 fatty acids.
B) -6 fatty acids.
C) cis double bonds.
D) trans double bonds.

Question 21

Spices such as eugenol are added to oils to enhance the flavor because of

A) hydrogen bonds.
B) dipole-dipole interactions.
C) hydrophilic interactions.
D) hydrophobic interactions.

Question 22

Which is the step in glucagon signaling where adipose triglyceride lipase mediates a reaction?
1)A hydrolysis reaction cleaves a fatty acid from the stored triacylglycerols to generate diacylglycerol and a fatty acid.
2)Perilipin is phosphorylated on the surface of lipid droplets.
3)Albumin transports the free fatty acid.
4)A GDP-GTP exchange stimulates cyclic AMP production by the enzyme adenylate cyclase.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 23

Chylomicrons contain a monolayer on the outside of the particle consisting of

A) cerebrosides and phospholipids.
B) cerebrosides and sphingolipids.
C) phospholipids and cholesterol.
D) cholesterol and sphingolipids.

Question 24

The lipase-mediated release of fatty acids can always be expected to occur when a person is

A) hungry.
B) walking.
C) studying.
D) watching TV.

Question 25

The water-soluble enzyme in the small intestine that hydrolyzes the acyl ester bonds in triacylglycerols is

A) adipocyte.
B) albumin.
C) lipase.
D) colipase.

Question 26

Which step in glucagon signaling occurs in the G_{s $\alpha$} protein?
1)A hydrolysis reaction cleaves a fatty acid from the stored triacylglycerols to generate diacylglycerol and a fatty acid.
2)The regulatory protein G58 binds to adipose triglyceride lipase.
3)Perilipin is phosphorylated on the surface of lipid droplets.
4)Albumin transports the free fatty acid.
5)A GDP-GTP exchange stimulates cyclic AMP production by the enzyme adenylate cyclase.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)5

Question 27

During the process of saponification,fatty acid molecules are released from triacylglycerols by treatment(s)with a strong

A) base.
B) acid.
C) base and heat.
D) acid and heat.

Question 28

Which particles transport triacylglycerols to adipose tissue for storage?

A) apolipoproteins
B) adipocytes
C) chylomicrons
D) perilipin

Question 29

VLDLs are produced in

A) liver cells.
B) intestinal epithelial cells.
C) stomach cells.
D) adipocytes.

Question 30

Arrange the following steps of glucagon signaling in the correct order.
1)A hydrolysis reaction cleaves a fatty acid from the stored triacylglycerols to generate diacylglycerol and a fatty acid.
2)The regulatory protein G58 binds to adipose triglyceride lipase.
3)Perilipin is phosphorylated on the surface of lipid droplets.
4)Albumin transports the free fatty acid.
5)A GDP-GTP exchange stimulates cyclic AMP production by the enzyme adenylate cyclase.

A)2,5,3,4,1
B)5,2,4,3,1
C)5,3,2,1,4
D)2,3,5,1,4

Question 31

In addition to triacylglycerols,which other lipid synthesized in the liver is transported by VLDLs?

A) sphingophospholipid
B) cerebroside
C) ganglioside
D) cholesterol

Question 32

Chylomicrons are produced in

A) liver cells.
B) intestinal epithelial cells.
C) stomach cells.
D) adipocytes.

Question 33

The biosynthesis of triacylglycerols in animals uses which citrate cycle intermediate in the liver?

A) malate
B) acetyl-CoA
C) isocitrate
D) succinate

Question 34

Free fatty acids released from adipose tissue are transported throughout the body by a carrier protein called

A) adipocyte.
B) albumin.
C) lipase.
D) colipase.

Question 35

A wax is defined as

A) long chain fatty alcohols esterified to hydrocarbon chains.
B) three fatty acids linked to a glycerol backbone.
C) a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylate group at the end.
D) two fatty acids and a phosphate group linked to a glycerol backbone.

Question 36

Identify the lipase whose activity is regulated by protein G58.

A) colipase
B) monoacylglycerol lipase
C) hormone-sensitive lipase
D) adipose triglyceride lipase

Question 37

The lipase-mediated release of fatty acids can always be expected to occur when a person is

A) reading a book.
B) watching TV.
C) running from a bear.
D) eating.

Question 38

Triacylglycerols are transported though the blood as

A) glycerophospholipids.
B) sphingolipids.
C) cerebrosides.
D) very low density lipoprotein particles.

Question 39

In comparison with glycerophospholipids,the structure of cerebrosides contains a

A) fatty acid.
B) sphingosine.
C) choline.
D) steroid ring.

Question 40

Soap traps dirt particles in

A) triacylglycerols.
B) micelles.
C) steroids.
D) glycerophospholipids.

Question 41

Tay-Sachs disease,Fabry disease,and Niemann-Pick disease are all symptomatic because of

A) defects in sphingolipid metabolism.
B) improper glycan storage.
C) cleavage of glycerophospholipids.
D) reduced cholesterol synthesis.

Question 42

The inner layer of the plasma membrane of human erythrocytes contains mostly __________ lipids.

A) phosphatidylserine
B) ganglioside
C) phosphatidylcholine
D) sphingomyelin

Question 43

Which missing enzyme results in Fabry disease?

A) phospholipase A₂
B) sphingomyelinase
C) -galactosidase A
D) hexosaminidase A

Question 44

Which missing enzyme results in Niemann-Pick disease?

A) phospholipase A₂
B) sphingomyelinase
C) -galactosidase A
D) hexosaminidase A

Question 45

Lipid rafts are thought to be discrete membrane regions that contain high concentrations of

A) phosphatidylinositol.
B) gangliosides.
C) phosphatidylcholine.
D) cholesterol.

Question 46

The outer layer of the plasma membrane of human erythrocytes contains mostly __________ lipids.

A) phosphatidylinositol
B) phosphatidylserine
C) phosphatidylcholine
D) phosphatidylethanolamine

Question 47

One of the functions of the lipid rafts is to

A) act as a storage mechanism for fatty acids.
B) control fluidity of the membrane.
C) coordinate cell signaling.
D) maintain sodium levels in the cell.

Question 48

Snake venom often secretes phospholipase A₂ enzymes,which cleave

A) glycerophospholipids.
B) ceramides.
C) sphingosines.
D) gangliosides.

Question 49

Which of the following membranes would have the greatest fluidity based on the following percentage of cholesterol in the membrane?

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 30%
D) 40%

Question 50

Which of the following amino alcohols act as the functional group attached to a phosphate in a glycerophospholipid?

A) lysine
B) serine
C) glycine
D) alanine

Question 51

Which type of fatty acid plays important roles in cell recognition such as in ABO blood groups?

A) sphingomyelins
B) gangliosides
C) cerebrosides
D) glycerophospholipids

Question 52

The total content of __________ is approximately the same in both the inner and outer layer of the plasma membrane of human erythrocytes.

A) phosphatidylinositol
B) sphingomyelin
C) phosphatidylcholine
D) cholesterol

Question 53

In comparison with gangliosides,the structure of phosphatidylcholine contains a

A) fatty acid.
B) sugar moiety.
C) glycerol moiety.
D) steroid ring.

Question 54

Which missing enzyme results in Tay-Sachs disease?

A) phospholipase A₂
B) sphingomyelinase
C) -galactosidase A
D) hexosaminidase A

Question 55

Which of the following amino alcohols act as the functional group attached to a phosphate in a glycerophospholipid?

A) methanolamine
B) ethanolamine
C) propanolamine
D) butanolamine

Question 56

Which of the following membranes would have the least amount of fluidity based on the following percentage of cholesterol in the membrane?

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 30%
D) 40%

Question 57

The addition of phosphocholine to ceramides generates

A) glycerophospholipids.
B) gangliosides.
C) cerebrosides.
D) sphingomyelin.

Question 58

Which membrane lipids are derivatives of long chain amino alcohols synthesized from palmitate and serine?

A) phosphatidylinositol
B) phosphatidylcholine
C) sphingosines
D) phosphatidylethanolamine

Question 59

Compared with other areas of the membrane,lipid rafts contain more

A) sphingolipids.
B) phosphatidylcholine.
C) phosphatidylinositol.
D) gangliosides.

Question 60

In comparison with glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids,cholesterol contains a

A) fatty acid.
B) phosphate group.
C) glycerol moiety.
D) steroid ring.

Question 61

Vitamin D₃ is converted to 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ in the __________ cells.

A) skin
B) kidney
C) muscle
D) liver

Question 62

Which eicosanoid regulates blood vessel constriction?

A) prostaglandin
B) prostacyclin
C) thromboxane
D) leukotriene

Question 63

Which eicosanoid controls platelet formation?

A) prostaglandin
B) prostacyclin
C) thromboxane
D) leukotriene

Question 64

Inhibition of the COX-1 enzyme results in

A) reduced pain and fever.
B) reduced mucin secretion.
C) increased risk of heart disease.
D) increased platelet aggregation.

Question 65

Propose a reason that a diet rich in
-3 fatty acids would result in a decrease in cardiovascular disease.

Question 66

Compare and contrast the structure of a wax to that of a fatty acid.

Question 67

Predict the following fatty acid structures.
a. cis 18:2 (
^9,12)
b. trans 18:1 (
⁹)
c. trans 20:2 (
^11,13)

Question 68

Which of the following molecules aid in the absorption of dietary lipids?

A) prostaglandin
B) cortisol
C) glycocholate
D) aldosterone

Question 69

What is partial hydrogenation? Outline the pros and cons of using partial hydrogenation in the food industry.

Question 70

Why do long chain,saturated fatty acids have a higher melting point than unsaturated fatty acids?

Question 71

Compared with the COX-2 enzyme,COX-1 has

A) a larger active site.
B) a smaller active site.
C) a more elongated three-dimensional structure.
D) more
-barrels.

Question 72

Compare and contrast saturated,monounsaturated,and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Question 73

A patient is having problems regulating blood pressure and has poor kidney function.Which steroid could be responsible for this?

A) progesterone
B) cortisol
C) aldosterone
D) estradiol

Question 74

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that regulates

A) blood pressure.
B) ion transport in the kidneys.
C) testosterone.
D) liver metabolism.

Question 75

Using common nomenclature,name the following fatty acid structures.
a.
b.
c.

Question 76

Mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids are synthesized in the

A) kidneys.
B) adrenal glands.
C) liver.
D) corpus luteum.

Question 77

Which eicosanoid acts as an inflammatory mediator that also regulates smooth muscle contraction?

A) prostaglandin
B) prostacyclin
C) thromboxane
D) leukotriene

Question 78

Which steroid hormone is synthesized in the corpus luteum?

A) cortisol
B) progesterone
C) testosterone
D) estradiol

Question 79

Which steroid hormone is synthesized in the ovaries?

A) cortisol
B) progesterone
C) testosterone
D) estradiol

Question 80

Which eicosanoid modulates the secretion of proteoglycans that protects the stomach lining from the effects of low pH?

A) prostaglandin
B) prostacyclin
C) thromboxane
D) leukotriene