Deck 26: Fluid,electrolyte,and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

Match the electrolyte composition for the following:

A) interstitial fluid
B) blood plasma
C) intracellular fluid
Bicarbonate ions are highest in ________.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Match the following:

A) Nonelectrolytes
B) Electrolytes
C) Intracellular
D) Interstitial
E) Extracellular
Fluid in the spaces between cells.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Match the electrolyte composition for the following:

A) interstitial fluid
B) blood plasma
C) intracellular fluid
Potassium ions are highest in ________.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Match the electrolyte composition for the following:

A) interstitial fluid
B) blood plasma
C) intracellular fluid
Phosphate ions are highest in ________.

Question 5

Match the following:

A) Hypernatremia
B) Hypocalcemia
C) Hyponatremia
D) Hyperkalemia
E) Hypermagnesemia
Sodium excess.

Question 6

Match the following:

A) Hypernatremia
B) Hypocalcemia
C) Hyponatremia
D) Hyperkalemia
E) Hypermagnesemia
Magnesium excess.

Question 7

Match the following:

A) Addison's disease
B) Dehydration
C) Edema
D) Aldosterone
E) Hyponatremia
Fluid loss,either the loss of water or the loss of water and solutes together.

Question 8

Match the following:

A) Hypernatremia
B) Hypocalcemia
C) Hyponatremia
D) Hyperkalemia
E) Hypermagnesemia
Calcium depletion.

Question 9

Match the electrolyte composition for the following:

A) interstitial fluid
B) blood plasma
C) intracellular fluid
Sodium ions are highest in ________.

Question 10

Match the following:

A) Nonelectrolytes
B) Electrolytes
C) Intracellular
D) Interstitial
E) Extracellular
Dissociate into ions in water.

Question 11

Match the following:

A) Addison's disease
B) Dehydration
C) Edema
D) Aldosterone
E) Hyponatremia
A disorder entailing deficient aldosterone production by the adrenal cortex.

Question 12

Match the following:

A) Addison's disease
B) Dehydration
C) Edema
D) Aldosterone
E) Hyponatremia
An atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.

Question 13

Match the following:

A) Nonelectrolytes
B) Electrolytes
C) Intracellular
D) Interstitial
E) Extracellular
The main fluid compartment outside the cells.

Question 14

Match the following:

A) Hypernatremia
B) Hypocalcemia
C) Hyponatremia
D) Hyperkalemia
E) Hypermagnesemia
Sodium depletion.

Question 15

Match the following:

A) Nonelectrolytes
B) Electrolytes
C) Intracellular
D) Interstitial
E) Extracellular
Do not dissociate in solution.

Question 16

Match the electrolyte composition for the following:

A) interstitial fluid
B) blood plasma
C) intracellular fluid
Protein anions are highest in ________.

Question 17

Match the following:

A) Hypernatremia
B) Hypocalcemia
C) Hyponatremia
D) Hyperkalemia
E) Hypermagnesemia
Potassium excess.

Question 18

Match the following:

A) Addison's disease
B) Dehydration
C) Edema
D) Aldosterone
E) Hyponatremia
A condition due to excessive water intake that results in net osmosis into tissue cells.This leads to severe metabolic disturbances.

Question 19

Match the following:

A) Addison's disease
B) Dehydration
C) Edema
D) Aldosterone
E) Hyponatremia
Regulates sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid.

Question 20

Match the following:

A) Nonelectrolytes
B) Electrolytes
C) Intracellular
D) Interstitial
E) Extracellular
The main fluid compartment located within the cell.

Question 21

Salts are lost from the body in perspiration,and urine only.

Question 22

Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body.

Question 23

Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium.

Question 24

Water imbalance,in which output exceeds intake,causing an imbalance in body fluids,is termed dehydration.

Question 25

The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus.

Question 26

Match the following:

A) Metabolic alkalosis
B) Respiratory acidosis
C) Metabolic acidosis
D) Respiratory alkalosis
Possibly occurring with emphysema,extreme obesity,or narcotic overdose.

Question 27

When aldosterone release is inhibited,sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the distal convoluted tubule.

Question 28

The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.

Question 29

Some potassium ions are reabsorbed from the kidney filtrate via type A intercalated cells,a unique population of collecting duct cells.

Question 30

Solutes,regardless of size,are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients.

Question 31

Match the following:

A) Metabolic alkalosis
B) Respiratory acidosis
C) Metabolic acidosis
D) Respiratory alkalosis
Possibly caused by severe diarrhea or untreated diabetes mellitus.

Question 32

It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions.

Question 33

Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of body fluids.

Question 34

Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body systems.

Question 35

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion.

Question 36

Excessive loss of water from the extracellular fluid (ECF)leads to a rise in osmotic pressure in the ECF which causes cells to shrink as water leaves by osmosis.

Question 37

Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.

Question 38

Although the sodium content of the body may be altered,its concentration in the ECF remains relatively stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume.

Question 39

Match the following:

A) Metabolic alkalosis
B) Respiratory acidosis
C) Metabolic acidosis
D) Respiratory alkalosis
Possibly caused by vomiting,use of diuretics,or use of antacids.

Question 40

Match the following:

A) Metabolic alkalosis
B) Respiratory acidosis
C) Metabolic acidosis
D) Respiratory alkalosis
Possibly caused by asthma,pneumonia,or a severe panic attack.

Question 41

One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system.

Question 42

Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions)originate as by-products of cellular metabolism.

Question 43

The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them.

Question 44

Hypercalcemia causes muscle tetany.

Question 45

Blood acidity results in depression of the CNS,whereas blood alkalosis results in overexcitement of the CNS.

Question 46

The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system.

Question 47

As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood,the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases.

Question 48

Thirst is always a reliable indicator of body water need.

Question 49

To remain properly hydrated,water intake must equal water output.

Question 50

Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum levels are low.

Question 51

Premenstrual edema may be due to enhanced reabsorption of sodium chloride.

Question 52

The phosphate buffer system is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma.

Question 53

The two hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and calcitonin.

Question 54

Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they only partially dissociate.

Question 55

The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.

Question 56

Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient.

Question 57

Carotid artery and aortic baroreceptors are involved in long term adjustment to total body sodium ion content.

Question 58

Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis.

Question 59

Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasodilation and potassium and water retention.

Question 60

Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can present a serious clinical problem when aldosterone release is not normal.

Question 61

Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.

A) a runner has completed a very long marathon
B) a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids
C) the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions
D) a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction

Question 62

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system.

A) hemoglobin
B) protein
C) phosphate
D) bicarbonate

Question 63

When antidiuretic hormone (ADH)levels are low ________.

A) nearly all of the filtered water is reabsorbed
B) a small volume of concentrated urine is excreted
C) most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed
D) aquaporins are inserted into the principal cell apical membranes

Question 64

The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________.

A) plasma
B) cerebrospinal fluid
C) interstitial fluid
D) intracellular fluid

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT a chemical buffer system?

A) phosphate
B) bicarbonate
C) protein
D) nucleic acid

Question 66

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________.

A) metabolic acidosis
B) respiratory alkalosis
C) metabolic alkalosis
D) respiratory acidosis

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin?

A) increased extracellular fluid water levels
B) sympathetic stimulation
C) decreased stretch of the granular cells of the afferent arterioles
D) decreased filtrate NaCl concentration

Question 68

The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________.

A) a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water
B) the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor
C) the feeling one might have after profuse sweating with exertion
D) a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment

Question 69

The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________.

A) potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid
B) the pH of the intracellular fluid
C) intracellular sodium levels
D) the potassium ion content in the renal tubule cells

Question 70

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?

A) erythropoietin
B) antidiuretic hormone
C) renin
D) aldosterone

Question 71

Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?

A) little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids
B) Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids
C) equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids
D) K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids

Question 72

Which of the choices below is NOT an essential role of salts in the body?

A) anabolism of lipids
B) secretory activity
C) neuromuscular activity
D) membrane permeability

Question 73

The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________.

A) always involves filtration
B) is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces
C) requires active transport
D) requires ATP for the transport to take place

Question 74

For bulk flow across capillary walls,________.

A) hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial space returns fluid to the capillary
B) fluid runs into lymphatic capillaries that empty into the interstitial space
C) hydrostatic pressure of blood forces nearly protein-free plasma out of the blood into the interstitial space
D) osmotic pressure of plasma proteins pulls fluid from the capillary into the interstitial space

Question 75

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart.The influence of this hormone is to ________.

A) prevent pH changes caused by organic acids
B) reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention
C) enhance atrial contractions
D) activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism

Question 76

In a car accident,Jane suffered a chest injury that resulted in impaired breathing and respiratory acidosis.How will her body compensate for this imbalance?

A) kidneys eliminate bicarbonate ions
B) kidneys retain bicarbonate ions
C) kidneys retain hydrogen ions
D) kidneys eliminate carbon dioxide

Question 77

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention?

A) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) thyroxine
D) aldosterone

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood?

A) chemical buffers
B) renal mechanisms
C) respiratory changes
D) diet

Question 79

Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid,most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid.

A) potassium
B) chloride
C) bicarbonate
D) iron

Question 80

Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body?

A) glucocorticoids
B) aldosterone
C) water levels
D) ADH