Deck 24: Nutrition,metabolism,and Body Temperature Regulation

Question 1

Figure 24.1
Using Figure 24.1, match the following:

A) B
B) D
C) E
D) A
E) C
Ten-step enzymatically driven process that converts glucose into pyruvic acid.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Match the following:

A) glycolysis
B) glycogenolysis
C) gluconeogenesis
D) glycogenesis
Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Match the following:

A) glycolysis
B) glycogenolysis
C) gluconeogenesis
D) glycogenesis
Storage of glucose in the form of glycogen.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Match the following:

A) Glycolysis
B) Citric acid (Krebs) cycle
C) Electron transport chain
Involves the removal of hydrogen electrons and CO₂ from the substrate molecule.

Question 5

Match the following:

A) Glycolysis
B) Citric acid (Krebs) cycle
C) Electron transport chain
Involves the use of oxygen to pick up excess hydrogen and electrons.

Question 6

Match the following:

A) beta oxidation
B) lipolysis
C) ketogenesis
D) lipogenesis
Conversion of fatty acids into acetyl groups.

Question 7

Figure 24.1
Using Figure 24.1, match the following:

A) B
B) D
C) E
D) A
E) C
Produces the CO₂ involved during glucose oxidation.

Question 8

Match the following:

A) beta oxidation
B) lipolysis
C) ketogenesis
D) lipogenesis
Formation of ketone bodies.

Question 9

Match the following:

A) beta oxidation
B) lipolysis
C) ketogenesis
D) lipogenesis
Splitting of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids.

Question 10

Figure 24.1
Using Figure 24.1, match the following:

A) B
B) D
C) E
D) A
E) C
ATP formed by oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 11

Figure 24.1
Using Figure 24.1, match the following:

A) B
B) D
C) E
D) A
E) C
Occurs via substrate-level phosphorylation.

Question 12

Figure 24.1
Using Figure 24.1, match the following:

A) B
B) D
C) E
D) A
E) C
Involves sugar activation,sugar cleavage,and oxidation and ATP formation.

Question 13

Match the following:

A) glycolysis
B) glycogenolysis
C) gluconeogenesis
D) glycogenesis
Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose.

Question 14

Match the following:

A) beta oxidation
B) lipolysis
C) ketogenesis
D) lipogenesis
Synthesis of lipids from glucose or amino acids.

Question 15

Figure 24.1
Using Figure 24.1, match the following:

A) B
B) D
C) E
D) A
E) C
Where the hydrogen atoms removed during the oxidation of food fuels are combined with O₂.

Question 16

Match the following:

A) glycolysis
B) glycogenolysis
C) gluconeogenesis
D) glycogenesis
Formation of glucose from proteins or fats.

Question 17

Figure 24.1
Using Figure 24.1, match the following:

A) B
B) D
C) E
D) A
E) C
Contains ATP synthase rotor rings.

Question 18

Match the following:

A) Glycolysis
B) Citric acid (Krebs) cycle
C) Electron transport chain
Occurs in the cytosol of a cell.

Question 19

Match the following:

A) Glycolysis
B) Citric acid (Krebs) cycle
C) Electron transport chain
Produces the most ATP.

Question 20

Match the following:

A) Glycolysis
B) Citric acid (Krebs) cycle
C) Electron transport chain
Glucose serves as the initial reactant.

Question 21

There are NO nutritionally complete proteins.All animal products should be eaten with plant material to make a nutritionally complete protein.

Question 22

Glycogen accounts for 80-85% of stored energy in the body.

Question 23

In order for amino acids to be oxidized for energy,the amine group (NH₂)must be removed.

Question 24

Match the following:

A) radiation
B) evaporation
C) convection
D) conduction
Heat loss during sweating.

Question 25

Processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones are anabolic.

Question 26

Glycogenesis begins when ATP levels are high,and glucose entering cells is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate and converted to its isomer,glucose-1-phosphate.

Question 27

Match the following:

A) radiation
B) evaporation
C) convection
D) conduction
Heat exchange when you are under a ceiling fan.

Question 28

When blood glucose levels are low,the body begins to use more noncarbohydrate fuels for energy production.This process is called glucose activation.

Question 29

The most abundant dietary lipids in the diets of most Americans are triglycerides.

Question 30

Except for lactose and some glycogen,the carbohydrates we ingest are mainly from animals.

Question 31

Beta oxidation is the initial phase of fatty acid oxidation,and it occurs in the cytoplasm.

Question 32

The body is considered to be in nitrogen balance when the amount of nitrogen ingested in lipids equals the amount excreted in urine.

Question 33

Cellular respiration is an anabolic process.

Question 34

The increased use of noncarbohydrate molecules for energy to conserve glucose is called glucose sparing.

Question 35

Match the following:

A) radiation
B) evaporation
C) convection
D) conduction
Heat loss in the form of infrared waves.

Question 36

Match the following:

A) radiation
B) evaporation
C) convection
D) conduction
Heat transfer into the chair you are sitting on.

Question 37

The preferred energy fuel for the brain is fat.

Question 38

The term essential nutrient refers to the chemicals that can be interconverted in the liver so that the body can maintain life and good health.

Question 39

Vitamins are inorganic compounds that are essential for growth and good health.

Question 40

The amount of protein needed by each person is determined by their age,size,metabolic rate,and the need to build new proteins (whether the body is in positive nitrogen balance).

Question 41

Which of the choices below is NOT a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body?

A) amino acid synthesis
B) direct conversion to a nucleic acid
C) lipogenesis
D) ATP production
E) glycogenesis

Question 42

The term metabolism is best defined as ________.

A) a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories
B) the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day
C) the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body
D) the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats

Question 43

The major role of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)is to store energy in the form of fat.

Question 44

Which of the following statements best describes complete protein?

A) derived from meat and fish only
B) must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth
C) derived only from legumes and other plant material
D) meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet

Question 45

It would not be healthy to eliminate all fats from your diet because they serve a useful purpose in maintaining the body.

Question 46

Cholesterol,though it is NOT an energy molecule,has importance in the body because it ________.

A) is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones
B) helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation
C) helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs
D) enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered

Question 47

Minerals required by the body in moderate amounts include all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) sulfur and potassium
B) sodium and chlorine
C) calcium and phosphorus
D) iron and selenium

Question 48

For use as fuel,all food carbohydrates are eventually transformed to glucose.

Question 49

It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________.

A) very few foods contain vitamins
B) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients
C) all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization
D) vitamins provide protection against the common cold

Question 50

When proteins undergo deamination,the waste substance found in the urine is mostly ________.

A) ammonia
B) ketone bodies
C) urea
D) acetyl CoA

Question 51

Triglycerides and cholesterol do NOT circulate freely in the bloodstream.

Question 52

The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________.

A) glucose
B) protein
C) fat
D) acetyl CoA

Question 53

The primary function of carbohydrates is energy production within cells.

Question 54

Which of the following is the major role of leptin in the body?

A) protect against weight loss during nutritional deprivation
B) increase appetite and food intake
C) promote weight loss with activity
D) shrink fat stores

Question 55

Diets high in cholesterol and saturated fats tend to produce high HDL concentrations.

Question 56

Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)?

A) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation
B) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain
C) glycolysis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation
D) gluconeogenesis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, lipolysis

Question 57

Carbohydrate and fat pools are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy,but amino acid pools must first be converted to a carbohydrate intermediate before being sent through cellular respiration pathways.

Question 58

Ghrelin,produced by the stomach,is a powerful appetite stimulant.

Question 59

Peptides called NPY (neuropeptide Y)and AgRP (agouti-related peptides)are powerful appetite enhancers.

Question 60

High levels of HDLs are considered good.

Question 61

Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________.

A) period when the metabolic rate is lowest
B) postabsorptive state
C) starvation period
D) absorptive state

Question 62

Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________.

A) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
B) elevates glucagon levels
C) builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state
D) causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies

Question 63

The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________.

A) fat utilization
B) lipogenesis
C) gluconeogenesis
D) lipolysis

Question 64

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________.

A) glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water
B) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules
C) glycogen is formed
D) glycogen is broken down to release glucose

Question 65

The most abundant dietary lipids are ________.

A) phospholipids
B) fatty acids
C) triglycerides
D) cholesterol

Question 66

The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________.

A) break down food molecules and generate ATP
B) provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals
C) efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body
D) determine the amount of heat needed by the human body

Question 67

In the case of a person who consumes a normal,balanced diet,proteins are essential to the body for all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) production of enzymes, clotting factors, and antibodies
B) production of energy
C) formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes
D) production of some hormones

Question 68

Prostaglandins play a role in ________.

A) noninflammatory responses
B) control of blood volume
C) skeletal muscle contraction
D) control of blood pressure

Question 69

Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state?

A) Only glucose metabolism occurs.
B) Catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones.
C) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones.
D) No metabolism occurs.

Question 70

Oxidative deamination takes place in the ________.

A) muscles
B) brain
C) liver
D) blood

Question 71

Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration?

A) oxidative phosphorylation
B) oxidation reactions
C) lactic acid production
D) substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 72

Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________.

A) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
B) conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water
C) formation of sugar
D) conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water

Question 73

The ingestion of which nutrient type results in the greatest food-induced thermogenesis?

A) carbohydrates
B) vitamins
C) proteins
D) lipids

Question 74

Anabolism includes reactions in which ________.

A) structural proteins are used as a potential energy source
B) ketone bodies are formed
C) carbohydrate utilization increases
D) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones

Question 75

In gluconeogenesis,during the postabsorptive state,amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose.

A) glucagon
B) glycerol
C) glycogen
D) acetyl Co A

Question 76

What is the outcome of ketosis?

A) glucogenesis
B) water retention and edema
C) metabolic acidosis
D) glycogen buildup
E) metabolic alkalosis

Question 77

Lipogenesis occurs when ________.

A) glucose levels drop slightly
B) excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane
C) there is a shortage of fatty acids
D) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

Question 78

Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center?

A) vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels
B) sympathetic sweat gland activation
C) increase in ADH production
D) release of epinephrine

Question 79

As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state,the ________ continues to burn glucose while virtually every other organ in the body switches to fatty acids as its major energy source.

A) pancreas
B) spleen
C) liver
D) brain

Question 80

Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state?

A) epinephrine
B) growth hormone
C) thyroid hormone
D) insulin