Deck 21: The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses

Question 1

Figure 21.2
Using Figure 21.2, match the following:

A) D
B) C
C) B
D) E
Area where activated immunocompetent B and T cells recirculate.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Figure 21.2
Using Figure 21.2, match the following:

A) D
B) C
C) B
D) E
Area seeded by immunocompetent B and T cells.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Match the following:

A) Intact skin and mucous membranes
B) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes
C) Inflammatory response
D) Immune response
Adaptive defense system.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Match the following:

A) Regulatory T cell
B) Memory cell
C) Helper T cell
D) B cell
E) Cytotoxic T cell
Absence results in no immune response.

Question 5

Figure 21.1
Using Figure 21.1, match the following:

A) B
B) D
C) A
D) E
E) C
Heavy chain.

Question 6

Match the following:

A) Regulatory T cell
B) Memory cell
C) Helper T cell
D) B cell
E) Cytotoxic T cell
Enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen.

Question 7

Match the following:

A) Intact skin and mucous membranes
B) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes
C) Inflammatory response
D) Immune response
Innate defense system.

Question 8

Match the following:

A) Regulatory T cell
B) Memory cell
C) Helper T cell
D) B cell
E) Cytotoxic T cell
Kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells.

Question 9

Match the following:

A) Intact skin and mucous membranes
B) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes
C) Inflammatory response
D) Immune response
First line of defense.

Question 10

Match the following:

A) Intact skin and mucous membranes
B) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes
C) Inflammatory response
D) Immune response
Third line of defense.

Question 11

Figure 21.1
Using Figure 21.1, match the following:

A) B
B) D
C) A
D) E
E) C
Constant region.

Question 12

Figure 21.1
Using Figure 21.1, match the following:

A) B
B) D
C) A
D) E
E) C
Variable region.

Question 13

Match the following:

A) Intact skin and mucous membranes
B) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes
C) Inflammatory response
D) Immune response
Second line of defense.

Question 14

Figure 21.1
Using Figure 21.1, match the following:

A) B
B) D
C) A
D) E
E) C
Antigen-binding site.

Question 15

Figure 21.1
Using Figure 21.1, match the following:

A) B
B) D
C) A
D) E
E) C
Light chain.

Question 16

Figure 21.2
Using Figure 21.2, match the following:

A) D
B) C
C) B
D) E
Area where B cells become immunocompetent.

Question 17

Match the following:

A) Regulatory T cell
B) Memory cell
C) Helper T cell
D) B cell
E) Cytotoxic T cell
Forms antibody producing cells.

Question 18

Match the following:

A) Regulatory T cell
B) Memory cell
C) Helper T cell
D) B cell
E) Cytotoxic T cell
Slows or stops the immune response.

Question 19

Figure 21.2
Using Figure 21.2, match the following:

A) D
B) C
C) B
D) E
Area where antigen challenge and clonal selection are most likely to occur.

Question 20

Figure 21.2
Using Figure 21.2, match the following:

A) D
B) C
C) B
D) E
Area where T cells become immunocompetent.

Question 21

Virus infected cells secrete interferons to "warn" other cells of the presence of virus and deny entry to them.

Question 22

The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis.

Question 23

Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.

Question 24

The respiratory burst produced by activated macrophages releases free radicals which are effective at killing pathogens.

Question 25

Match the following:

A) IgG
B) IgD
C) IgM
D) IgA
E) IgE
Protects mucosal barriers.

Question 26

Match the following:

A) IgG
B) IgD
C) IgM
D) IgA
E) IgE
Main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response.

Question 27

B cells must accomplish double recognition: They must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to be activated.

Question 28

Subacute hypersensitivities are categorically less harmful than acute (immediate)hypersensitivities.

Question 29

Match the following:

A) IgG
B) IgD
C) IgM
D) IgA
E) IgE
Along with IgM,this is a B cell receptor.

Question 30

Dendritic cells and macrophages kill by ingestion and destruction of particulate matter in a process called phagocytosis.

Question 31

Monoclonal antibodies are used in clinical laboratory diagnosis because they bind to many antigenic determinates.

Question 32

Some immunocompetent cells will never encounter an antigen to which they can bind and therefore will never be called to service in our lifetime.

Question 33

Cytotoxic T cells and NK cells kill by secretion of proteins.The first called perforin which forms complexes that penetrate the cell membrane and allows the passage of the apoptosis inducing protein granzyme to enter the targeted cell.

Question 34

Fever is often a beneficial immune response because it can speed the activities of leucocytes.

Question 35

In a case of immediate hypersensitivity the immune system responds with an allergic response on the first exposure to the allergen.

Question 36

Viral infection will provoke cell mediated immunity but will not activate a humoral response.

Question 37

Anaphylactic shock is a rare but severe allergic response that may occur if the allergen enters the blood stream.

Question 38

The nucleotide sequence within the genes that produce B cell receptor and antibodies are reshuffled by a process called somatic recombination.This produces the huge variability in antibody types.

Question 39

Match the following:

A) IgG
B) IgD
C) IgM
D) IgA
E) IgE
First to peak during a primary immune response.

Question 40

Match the following:

A) IgG
B) IgD
C) IgM
D) IgA
E) IgE
Involved in allergies.

Question 41

An advantage of innate immunity is ________.

A) its barriers that prevent pathogens from entering into the body
B) the use of antibodies to cause cell lysis and kill invading cells
C) the numerous steps in the activation of its cells that can prevent autoimmune disease
D) the specificity of its individual cells which specialize in the removal on one type of antigen

Question 42

Antibodies typically act extracellularly in body fluids and are therefore considered part of the humoral branch of adaptive immunity.

Question 43

Without the positive selection process in lymphocyte maturation ________.

A) NK cells would be non-functional
B) monocytes would not be able to migrate into infected tissue and differentiate into macrophages
C) T-cells would not be able to properly bind to APC's and therefore not be activated by them
D) autoimmune diseases would be likely to result

Question 44

Choose the best description of an antigen.

A) part or a piece of a disease or pathogen
B) a particle that triggers the adaptive immunity
C) a particle (typically a foreign protein) that triggers inflammation
D) a chemical that enhances or modifies immune response

Question 45

Vaccines work by ________.

A) boosting innate immunity with cytokines
B) providing the necessary antibodies to fight infections
C) suppressing inflation to help speed healing
D) priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure

Question 46

Select the best description of the negative selection process of lymphocyte maturation.

A) removal of lymphocytes that fail to recognize "self" cells
B) teaching a lymphocyte to recognize "self" from foreign antigens
C) removal of lymphocytes that react with "self" cells
D) allowing the survival of lymphocytes that cannot bind to MHC proteins

Question 47

Allergens differ from antigens because ________.

A) allergens are primarily plant derived while antigens are bacterial or viral in nature
B) allergens are only active seasonally and are generally harmless to the body
C) allergens do not involve the leucocytes, they simply stimulate the inflammatory response
D) allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle

Question 48

Which of the following best describes the qualities of most antigens?

A) macromolecules that are produced by the host organism
B) atomic elements that are not normally present in the human body
C) macromolecules that are foreign to the host
D) atomic elements that are harmful or toxic

Question 49

All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation except one.Select the one answer that does not describe the classical pathway of complement activation.

A) It is an example of overlap between innate and adaptive immune function.
B) Classical activation will result in enhanced inflammation, opsonization as well as formation of MAC proteins.
C) It requires that circulating antibodies are bound to antigens.
D) It activates T-helper cells by presenting antigen to them.

Question 50

B-lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune system for all of the following reason but one.Which of the following is not one of the reasons B-lymphocytes are considered part of the adaptive immunity?

A) Their receptors will bind to only one antigen.
B) They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately.
C) They require costimulation from an activated T-helper cell.
D) They produce memory cells when activated.

Question 51

Which of the following examples below describes an autoimmune disease?

A) Release of bacterial endotoxins that block acetylcholine release result in muscle paralysis.
B) Antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plate resulting in muscle weakness.
C) Infection and death of T-helper cells by a virus, resulting in a loss of adaptive immunity.
D) Uncontrolled cell division resulting in cell surface abnormalities recognized by NK cells.

Question 52

Membrane attack complex (MAC)kills by ________.

A) providing a passage for antibodies to enter into the bacterial cytosol
B) disrupting the selectively permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane
C) penetrating the capsule of the bacteria giving antibiotic drugs access to bacterial cells
D) allowing the organelles to spill free from the bacteria

Question 53

Overlap in the innate and adaptive immune system is seen in all of the following examples but one.Which of the following examples does not illustrate the overlap of innate and adaptive immune responses?

A) Dendritic cells presenting antigens on their MHC II proteins to T-helper cells.
B) Plasma cells that produce large amounts of IgE that will ultimately allow mast cells to release histamine.
C) NK cells causing apoptosis of an abnormal host cell, lacking MHC proteins.
D) Macrophages becoming activated macrophages in response to cytokines released by T-helper cells.

Question 54

Inflammation ________.

A) is caused by bacterial activity to enhance the spread of disease
B) brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection
C) is caused by viral activity to enhance the spread of the disease
D) slows the healing process with swelling that can impair bodily function

Question 55

During inflammation fluids will passively diffuse out of blood vessels into the nearby,infected tissues.This implies all of the following except ________.

A) B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells
B) the surrounding tissue will swell with excessive fluids
C) the osmolarity of the fluids surrounding infected tissue is higher than the plasma
D) nearby capillaries have become more permeable

Question 56

A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective but a polio vaccine is only needed once.The best explanation of this is ________.

A) the flu vaccine is substantially weaker than the polio vaccine
B) exposure to flu vaccine produces no memory cells from proliferating B-lymphocytes
C) the polio virus is substantially weaker than the flu virus
D) the flu has several strains that change seasonally

Question 57

Which of the following does not describe actions of interferon (IFN)?

A) IFN binds to normal, uninfected cells stimulating the activation of genes that produce anti-viral proteins.
B) IFN can penetrate the viral capsid and destroy the virus.
C) Virally infected cells can release interferon which attracts NK cells to attack and kill the IFN secreting cell.
D) IFN will attract macrophages to the secreting cell to be removed by phagocytosis.

Question 58

An advantage to adaptive immunity is ________.

A) the use of antibodies that cause cell lysis and kill invading cells
B) the ability of its individual cells to respond to many different pathogens
C) its memory cells that provide quicker, larger and more efficient immune response upon second exposure to an antigen
D) its need for several cells to be activated over several days on first exposure

Question 59

A vaccine is effective because ________.

A) B-lymphocytes are unable to mount an immune response the first time they are exposed to a new pathogen
B) the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient the primary response
C) the vaccine contains the lymphocytes necessary to fight infection
D) the vaccine contains the antibodies necessary to fight infection

Question 60

All but one of the following occur during the inflammatory response.Select the example below that does not describe the process of inflammation.

A) Vasoconstriction will prevent excessive blood loss due to injury.
B) Chemotaxis draws leucocytes to the site of injury.
C) Increases capillary permeability.
D) Release of prostaglandins resulting in pain.

Question 61

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?

A) booster shot of vaccine
B) exposure to an antigen
C) infusion of weakened viruses
D) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

Question 62

Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?

A) NK cells attack cells that display abnormal or lack MHC antigens.
B) NK cells are a type of neutrophil.
C) NK cells attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells.
D) NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow.

Question 63

Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?

A) inhibit production of antibodies
B) contain many repeating chemical units
C) small molecules
D) reactivity with an antibody

Question 64

Plasma cells ________.

A) have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody)
B) are small so that they slip between endothelial cells of capillaries to fight infection in the surrounding tissues
C) have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum to dispose of ingested pathogens
D) are large so that they can envelope their prey by phagocytosis

Question 65

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites,enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism.This phenomenon is termed ________.

A) opsonization
B) agglutination
C) diapedesis
D) chemotaxis

Question 66

Interferons ________.

A) are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold
B) are virus-specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus
C) act by increasing the rate of cell division
D) interfere with viral replication within cells

Question 67

Which of the following statements is incorrect or false?

A) Class I MHC molecules are built into the plasma membranes of all body cells.
B) Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.
C) Haptens lack immunogenicity unless attached to protein carriers.
D) MHC proteins are the cell's identity markers.

Question 68

Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area.

A) cytokines
B) interleukin 2 proteins
C) perforins
D) interleukin 1 proteins

Question 69

Which of the statements below does not describe antigens?

A) Antigens only come from microbes.
B) The parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called epitopes or antigenic determinants.
C) Antigens can include proteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides.
D) Antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity.

Question 70

Innate immune system defenses include ________.

A) T cells
B) B cells
C) plasma cells
D) phagocytosis

Question 71

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.

A) bone marrow
B) lymph nodes
C) thymus
D) spleen

Question 72

Which of the following is not a role of activated complement?

A) insertion of MAC and cell lysis
B) prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions
C) enhancement of inflammation
D) opsonization

Question 73

Which of the following is not a type of T cell?

A) helper
B) antigenic
C) cytotoxic
D) regulatory

Question 74

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________.

A) phagocyte mobilization
B) complement production
C) vasoconstriction
D) vasodilation

Question 75

In clonal selection of B cells,which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?

A) antigen
B) interferon
C) complement
D) antibody

Question 76

Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________.

A) pregnancy
B) elevated blood glucose
C) hepatitis
D) rabies

Question 77

Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?

A) prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue
B) disposes of cellular debris and pathogens
C) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
D) sets the stage for repair processes

Question 78

Regulatory T cells ________.

A) aid B cells in antibody production
B) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
C) decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases
D) release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells

Question 79

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________.

A) B lymphocytes
B) T lymphocytes
C) pinocytosis
D) natural killer cells

Question 80

T-cell activation requires ________.

A) antigen binding and antibody production
B) antigen binding and co-stimulation
C) antigen binding, antibody production, and co-stimulation
D) antibody production and co-stimulation