Deck 11: Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue

Question 1

Figure 11.2
Using Figure 11.2, match the following:

A) C
B) E
C) B
D) D
E) A
Synaptic cleft.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Figure 11.2
Using Figure 11.2, match the following:

A) C
B) E
C) B
D) D
E) A
Synaptic vesicles.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Figure 11.1
Using Figure 11.1, match the following:

A) C
B) B
C) A
In a reflex arc,which neuron has its cell body inside the spinal cord?

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Figure 11.1
Using Figure 11.1, match the following:

A) C
B) B
C) A
Which neuron would activate to a muscle?

Question 5

Figure 11.1
Using Figure 11.1, match the following:

A) C
B) B
C) A
Which neuron would be found in the retina of the eye?

Question 6

Match the following:

A) Depolarization
B) Action potential
C) Relative refractory period
D) Absolute refractory period
E) Repolarization
An exceptionally strong stimulus can trigger a response.

Question 7

Figure 11.1
Using Figure 11.1, match the following:

A) C
B) B
C) A
Which neuron is typically involved in the special senses of sight and smell?

Question 8

Match the following:

A) Depolarization
B) Action potential
C) Relative refractory period
D) Absolute refractory period
E) Repolarization
The neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus,no matter how strong.

Question 9

Figure 11.1
Using Figure 11.1, match the following:

A) C
B) B
C) A
Which neuron is common only in dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves?

Question 10

Figure 11.2
Using Figure 11.2, match the following:

A) C
B) E
C) B
D) D
E) A
Calcium ions.

Question 11

Match the following:

A) Depolarization
B) Action potential
C) Relative refractory period
D) Absolute refractory period
E) Repolarization
Also called a nerve impulse transmitted by axons.

Question 12

Figure 11.1
Using Figure 11.1, match the following:

A) C
B) B
C) A
Which neuron is never myelinated?

Question 13

Match the following:

A) Depolarization
B) Action potential
C) Relative refractory period
D) Absolute refractory period
E) Repolarization
The interior of the cell becomes less negative due to an influx of sodium ions.

Question 14

Match the following:

A) Depolarization
B) Action potential
C) Relative refractory period
D) Absolute refractory period
E) Repolarization
The specific period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron due to a change in membrane permeability.

Question 15

Match the following:

A) Parallel after-discharge circuit
B) Reverberating circuit
C) Diverging circuit
D) Converging circuit
May be involved in complex,exacting types of mental processing.

Question 16

Figure 11.1
Using Figure 11.1, match the following:

A) C
B) B
C) A
Which neuron is a sensory neuron found in a reflex arc?

Question 17

Match the following:

A) Parallel after-discharge circuit
B) Reverberating circuit
C) Diverging circuit
D) Converging circuit
One incoming axon triggers responses in ever-increasing numbers farther and farther along the circuit.

Question 18

Figure 11.2
Using Figure 11.2, match the following:

A) C
B) E
C) B
D) D
E) A
Ion channel.

Question 19

Figure 11.2
Using Figure 11.2, match the following:

A) C
B) E
C) B
D) D
E) A
Postsynaptic membrane.

Question 20

Figure 11.1
Using Figure 11.1, match the following:

A) C
B) B
C) A
Which is by far the most common neuron type?

Question 21

Nerve impulses are sent to slow the heart's rate of contraction.The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

A) sensory (afferent) division
B) somatic nervous system
C) sympathetic division
D) parasympathetic division

Question 22

Neurons in the CNS are organized into functional groups.

Question 23

Match the following:

A) Parallel after-discharge circuit
B) Reverberating circuit
C) Diverging circuit
D) Converging circuit
Involved in control of rhythmic activities such as breathing.

Question 24

The action potential is caused by permeability changes in the plasma membrane.

Question 25

Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperatures on the skin.The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

A) sensory (afferent) division
B) somatic nervous system
C) sympathetic division
D) parasympathetic division

Question 26

Strong stimuli cause the amplitude of action potentials generated to increase.

Question 27

The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place.

Question 28

A postsynaptic potential is a graded potential that is the result of a neurotransmitter released into the synapse between two neurons.

Question 29

Cell bodies of sensory neurons may be located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system.

Question 30

A stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open calcium ion channels at the presynaptic end,which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane.

Question 31

Match the following:

A) Parallel after-discharge circuit
B) Reverberating circuit
C) Diverging circuit
D) Converging circuit
Different types of sensory input can have the same ultimate effect.

Question 32

Nerve impulses leading to the skeletal muscle carry information to direct movement.The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

A) sensory (afferent) division
B) somatic nervous system
C) sympathetic division
D) parasympathetic division

Question 33

Enkephalins and endorphins are peptides that act like morphine.

Question 34

In myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier.

Question 35

Reflexes are rapid,automatic responses to stimuli that will produce the same effect every time.

Question 36

Axon diameter and degree of myelination determine nerve impulse conduction velocity.

Question 37

Unipolar neurons have axons structurally divided into peripheral and central processes.

Question 38

Cranial nerve II,the optic nerve sends nerve impulses to the brain carrying information about the things we see.These nerve fibers most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

A) sensory (afferent) division
B) somatic nervous system
C) sympathetic division
D) parasympathetic division

Question 39

During depolarization,the inside of the neuron's membrane becomes less negative.

Question 40

Match the following:

A) Parallel after-discharge circuit
B) Reverberating circuit
C) Diverging circuit
D) Converging circuit
Involved in activating fibers of a skeletal muscle such as the biceps muscle.

Question 41

When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the following is likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the post synaptic cell?

A) Chemically gated chloride channels will open.
B) Chemically gated potassium channels will open.
C) Chemically gated sodium channels will open.
D) Chemically gated sodium channels will be closed.

Question 42

If a post synaptic neuron is stimulated to threshold by spatial summation this implies that ________.

A) the post synaptic cell has a lower than normal threshold
B) the post synaptic cell has many voltage gated ion channels
C) the post synaptic cell is slow to repolarize
D) the postsynaptic cells has many synapses with many presynaptic neurons

Question 43

Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.

A) motor neurons
B) called neuroglial cells
C) found in the retina of the eye
D) found in ganglia

Question 44

When a neurotransmitter like GABA is acting in an inhibitory manner which of the following is likely a result of the GABA acting on the post synaptic cell?

A) influx of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell
B) opening of chemically gated sodium channels
C) depolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane
D) hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane

Question 45

If a post synaptic cell is stimulated to threshold by temporal summation this implies that ________.

A) the postsynaptic cell can be influenced by only one presynaptic cell
B) the postsynaptic cell is sending frequent action potential
C) a presynaptic neuron is sending frequent EPSP
D) the presynaptic neuron is sending frequent IPSP

Question 46

These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid ________.

A) ependymal cells
B) astrocytes
C) oligodendrocytes
D) Schwann cells

Question 47

What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus?

A) size of action potentials
B) origin of the stimulus
C) type of stimulus receptor
D) frequency of action potentials

Question 48

The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________.

A) repolarization
B) resting period
C) absolute refractory period
D) depolarization

Question 49

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?

A) gamma aminobutyric acid
B) cholinesterase
C) norepinephrine
D) acetylcholine

Question 50

Bacteria in the blood can be prevented entry to the fluids surrounding the brain.Which cells are most responsible for preventing bacteria from entering the fluids of the brain?

A) satellite cells
B) astrocytes
C) Schwann cells
D) oligodendrocytes

Question 51

Like all cells,the neurons' internal organization dictates its function.Neurons have relatively many mitochondria,an extensive network of rough endoplasmic reticulum and many clusters of ribosomes.These cellular features indicate all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) neurons produce many proteins
B) neurons must meet a high demand for ATP
C) neurons have a relatively high consumption of oxygen
D) neurons have stable, relatively unchanging internal environments

Question 52

The effect of acetylcholine can be stimulating or inhibiting.Which of the following gives the best explanation for why this is so?

A) Acetylcholine has many different forms.
B) Acetylcholine has a "dose effect". Larger doses are stimulating while small doses inhibit.
C) Postsynaptic cells have a dynamic and changing metabolism and respond differently at different times.
D) Different post synaptic cells will have different receptors.

Question 53

An action potential is regarded as an example of a positive feedback.Which of the following examples below best illustrates the positive feedback aspect of an action potential?

A) The sodium potassium pump consistently moves ions as long as ATP is available, and regardless of membrane potential changes.
B) Potassium permeability is about 25 times greater than sodium ions.
C) Voltage gated potassium ion channels open slowly and remain open long enough to cause hyperpolarization.
D) A threshold stimulus will cause the opening of voltage gated sodium ion channels that will cause further depolarizing stimulus. This stimulus will open still more voltage gated sodium ion channels.

Question 54

During the relative refractory period of an action potential,a larger than normal stimulus is needed to cause another action potential.This is due to the fact that ________.

A) the voltage gated potassium ion channels remain open long enough to hyperpolarize the axon membrane
B) the membrane is now impermeable to all ions
C) the sodium potassium pump will stop working during relative refractory
D) the inactivation gates on voltage gated sodium ion channels are closed

Question 55

The concentration neurotransmitters in the fluid of the synaptic cleft must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly.Which of the following cells is most responsible for aiding in this regulation?

A) satellite cells
B) astrocytes
C) Schwann cells
D) oligodendrocytes

Question 56

Meningitis can be caused by infection of the central nervous system by bacteria.Which cells would be most responsible for removing the infection?

A) Schwann cells
B) oligodendrocytes
C) microglia
D) satellite cells

Question 57

Which of the choices below describes the ANS?

A) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
B) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
C) sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract
D) sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS

Question 58

The concentration of ions in the chemical environment surrounding the neurons must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly.Which of the following cells is most responsible for this?

A) satellite cells
B) astrocytes
C) Schwann cells
D) oligodendrocytes

Question 59

Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function?

A) responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction
B) analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions
C) senses changes in the environment

Question 60

The depolarization phase of an action potential is punctuated by the closing of inactivation gates in the voltage gated sodium ion channels.All of the following are consequences of this inactivation except one.Choose the statement below that is not a consequence of the closing of inactivating gates.

A) This allows for the efflux (diffusion out) of potassium ions, resulting in the repolarization of the cell.
B) This allows for the one way transmission of action potential down the axon.
C) This limits the frequency of action potentials down the axon.
D) This stops the depolarization of the axon membrane.

Question 61

If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of the axon ________.

A) the impulse would move to the axon terminal only, and the muscle contraction would occur
B) the impulse would spread bidirectionally
C) muscle contraction would occur
D) the impulse would move to the axon terminal only

Question 62

Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters?

A) biogenic amine
B) nucleic acid
C) amino acid
D) ATP and other purines

Question 63

Which of the following is false or incorrect?

A) An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than threshold.
B) An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane.
C) A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.

Question 64

The term central nervous system refers to the ________.

A) brain and spinal cord
B) sensory (afferent) nerves
C) the somatic nerves
D) the spinal nerves

Question 65

A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________.

A) all sodium gates are closed
B) the membrane potential has been reestablished
C) the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell
D) proteins have been resynthesized

Question 66

Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential?

A) it has a depolarization, repolarization and hyperpolarization phase
B) it can have amplitudes of various sizes
C) it is initiated by voltage changes in the membrane
D) it travels long distances

Question 67

Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system?

A) innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract
B) innervation of skeletal muscle
C) innervation of cardiac muscle
D) innervation of glands

Question 68

Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________.

A) erratic transmission of nerve impulses
B) diphasic impulses
C) large nerve fibers
D) the myelin sheath

Question 69

Select the correct statement regarding chemical synapses.

A) The synaptic cleft uses the action potential to transmit a chemical signal to the post synaptic cell.
B) The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the property of being electrically coupled.
C) Cells with gap junctions use chemical synapses.
D) Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons terminals of cells.

Question 70

Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________.

A) astrocytes
B) microglia
C) ependymal cells
D) oligodendrocytes

Question 71

Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes?

A) Ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels.
B) Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.
C) Ions always move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
D) Ions always move passively across membranes.

Question 72

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)is associated with ________.

A) lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur
B) a change in sodium ion permeability
C) hyperpolarization
D) opening of voltage-regulated channels

Question 73

When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy,the resulting graded potential is called a(n)________.

A) action potential
B) excitatory potential
C) postsynaptic potential
D) generator potential

Question 74

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.

A) ganglia
B) nerves
C) tracts
D) nuclei

Question 75

Which of the following is not true of graded potentials?

A) They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.
B) They can be called postsynaptic potentials.
C) They can form on receptor endings.
D) They are short-lived.

Question 76

Loss of function in the enzyme acetylcholine esterase would result in which of the following?

A) inability to destroy and remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft
B) stimulation of the production of acetylcholine
C) amplify or enhance the effect of ACh
D) inability to release acetylcholine

Question 77

The interior surface of a neuron's plasma membrane at resting membrane potential will have a ________.

A) negative charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell
B) positive charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell
C) positive charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell
D) negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell

Question 78

Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons?

A) They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate.
B) They conduct impulses.
C) They have extreme longevity.
D) They are mitotic.

Question 79

Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)is being generated on the dendritic membrane?

A) Sodium gates will open first, then close as potassium gates open.
B) A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.
C) Specific sodium gates will open.
D) Specific potassium gates will open.

Question 80

Immediately after an action potential has peaked,which of the following channels will open?

A) voltage gated calcium channels
B) chemically gated chloride channels
C) voltage gated potassium channels
D) voltage gated sodium channels