Deck 3: Concepts of Hazard Avoidance

Question 1

15.Explain the purpose of the "hazards classification scale" as explained in the text.

Answer 1

The scale is a ranking to distinguish between serious hazards and minor ones so that rational decisions can be made to eliminate hazards on a worst-first basis.

Question 2

1.Which of the following crane controls are properly described as "dead man controls?"

A)spring pushbuttons
B)toggle switches
C)latching detents
D)ground jumped to neutral

Answer 2

A

Question 3

10.Label the logic codes for each of the symbols shown.

Answer 3

AND-gate symbol OR-gate symbol

Question 4

8.A certain type of injury has tangible costs of $40,000 per occurrence and intangible costs of $150,000 per occurrence.Injury frequency is .05 per year but would be reducible to .01 per year with the installation of a new guarding system.Calculate the annual benefit the new system provide.

Question 5

7.Name at least two of the four prominent examples of epidemiological studies of occupational diseases:

Question 6

3.Name three fail-safe principles

Question 7

11.Complete the diagram by drawing in the appropriate logic symbol in the space provided.

Question 8

17.What two elements are conspicuous in their absence from the Hazards Classification Scale as set forth in the text?

Question 9

5.Describe at least two drawbacks to the engineering approach to safety and health.

Question 10

9 What is the principal drawback of accident analysis?

Question 11

16.Cost is a critical element included in the "Ten-point scale for Hazards Classification" as set forth in the text.

Question 12

12.Complete the diagram by drawing in the appropriate logic symbol in the space provided.

Question 13

6.The rubella link to birth defects is a classical study of which of the following?

A)fault tree analysis
B)epidemiology
C)toxicology
D)failure modes and effects analysis

Question 14

Unusual circumstances can render the engineering solution

Question 15

18.OSHA has proposed a "Ten-Point Scale for Classification of Hazards."

Question 16

2.Name the four principal approaches to hazard control and avoidance.

Question 17

14.Using statistical analysis to link the occurrence of lung fibrosis to workers who are exposed to asbestos is best classified as which of the following types of studies:

A)toxicology
B)fault tree analysis
C)epidemiology
D)failure modes and effects analysis

Question 18

4."Murphy's Law" has led to the application of which of the primary fail-safe principles?

Question 19

13.The illustration depicts a problem with which of the four approaches to hazard avoidance?

Question 20

19.The "Ten-Point Scale for Classification of Hazards" was generated by OSHA to clarify legal definitions of "imminent danger," "serious violations," etc.

Question 21

25.Which of the analytical methods for hazard analysis and avoidance is said to "deal with absolutes?"

Question 22

29.Toxicology is classified as belonging to which of the following approaches to hazard avoidance?

A)Enforcement
B)Psychological
C)Engineering
D)Analytical

Question 23

28.The fault tree method is classified as belonging to which of the following approaches to hazard avoidance?

A)Enforcement
B)Psychological
C)Engineering
D)Analytical

Question 24

30.Epidemiology is classified as belonging to which of the following approaches to hazard avoidance?

A)Enforcement
B)Psychological
C)Engineering
D)Analytical

Question 25

36.Which of the following analyses is considered a posteriori?

A)accident analysis
B)fault tree analysis
C)failure modes and effects analysis
D)toxicology

Question 26

34.The Principle of Worst Case is addressed by which of the following approaches to hazard avoidance?

A)Enforcement
B)Psychological
C)Engineering
D)none of the above

Question 27

21.A certain company estimates that implementation of a safety glasses policy will cost $8000 per year.Eye injuries are rare in this plant,but 2 have occurred over the past five years at a cost of $50,000 each including direct costs and estimated hidden intangible costs.It is believed that the proposed safety glasses policy will reduce the hazard of eye injuries by 75%.If interest and inflation are ignored,the $20,000 actual cost is assumed to be typical of eye injury costs.Perform a cost/benefit analysis to weigh the benefits of the proposed safety glasses policy against its expected costs.

Question 28

39.Five different and independent conditions (A,B,C,D,and E)can contribute to the cause of an accident (Event X).Condition A is of itself sufficient cause to result in accident X.Either condition B or condition C can cause the accident X if either D or E also occur.Draw the Fault Tree that represents the above-described causal relationship.

Question 29

23.Which one of the analytical methods for hazard analysis and avoidance has difficulty dealing with "maybe" situations?

Question 30

22.Explain why the enforcement approach is difficult to apply to the problem of controlling hazards.

Question 31

33.The Principle of Redundancy is addressed by which of the following approaches to hazard avoidance?

A)Enforcement
B)Psychological
C)Engineering
D)none of the above

Question 32

31.The Loss Incident Causation Model method is classified as belonging to which of the following approaches to hazard avoidance?

A)Enforcement
B)Psychological
C)Engineering
D)Analytical

Question 33

24.Which of the following is said to "deal with absolutes?"

A)Epidemiology
B)Toxicology
C)FMEA
D)Fault tree analysis

Question 34

37.Explain the term "epidemiology" as it relates to the field of occupational safety and health.Name two workplace hazards that have been identified by this method.

Question 35

27.FMEA is classified as belonging to which of the following approaches to hazard avoidance?

A)Enforcement
B)Psychological
C)Engineering
D)Analytical

Question 36

32.Murphy's Law is addressed by which of the following approaches to hazard avoidance?

A)Enforcement
B)Psychological
C)Engineering
D)none of the above

Question 37

35.Two different scenarios will lead to the point of irreversibility for a particular accident.Hazards A and B are both considered essential conditions for the first scenario.Hazard C is considered a sufficient condition in and of itself in the second scenario.Draw a fault tree diagram that describes the relationship between hazard A,B,and C and the accident.

Question 38

26.What drawback do fault tree analysis and the enforcement approach to hazard avoidance have in common?

Question 39

20.Toxicology is the study of the nature and effects of poisons.

Question 40

38.A proposed engineering control is expected to cut the accident rate in half for a given process.Cost data for accidents with this process have been estimated by auditors as follows (average cost per accident):
DIRECT HIDDEN TOTAL FREQUENCY
COSTS COSTS COSTS PER YEAR
First aid cases none 200 200 6.0
Med.treatment cases 200 900 1100 1.5
Lost time cases 300 2000 2300 0.5
No-injury cases 200 200 400 0.5
Calculate the total annual accident cost reduction benefit expected for this proposed engineering control.

Question 41

41.The Risk Assessment Code (RAC)used by the U.S.Air Force identifies five different levels of risk.Name these five levels:

Question 42

47.Under what circumstances can a risk of fatality be rated as only a "moderate" hazard?

Question 43

50.The risk of a lost workday mishap can never be considered "negligible" under the Air Force Risk Assessment Code.

Question 44

53.What three criteria of hazard classification are addressed by the British Standard Code of Practise for Safety of Machinery?

Question 45

52.The British Standard Code of Practise for Safety of Machinery considers (assigns points to)how many different criteria in the classification of hazards?

Question 46

57.Which risk,asbestos or radon,is considered higher priority for elimination in the United States? Justify your answer.

Question 47

49.The Risk Assessment Code (RAC)used by the U.S.Air Force rates a fatality hazard as "serious" regardless of mishap probability.

Question 48

54.The British "Standard Code of Practise for Safety of Machinery" considers (assigns points to)three different criteria in the classification of hazards.

Question 49

45.A hazard can be in the second level of severity and still be classified as "imminent danger" according to the RAC code.

Question 50

51.It is improper to classify any hazard as "negligible" under the Risk Assessment Code if there is the possibility that it will occur in time.

Question 51

40.The Risk Assessment Code (RAC)used by the U.S.Air Force ranks hazards according to what two factors?

Question 52

55.Explain the difference between the concepts of "potential for injury" and "frequency of access" as used by the British Standard Code of Practise for Safety of Machinery.

Question 53

59.Demonstrate your knowledge of fault-tree construction by drawing an example diagram,labeling event causes and results for a familiar accident.You may use one of the examples used in the book or devise a simple example of your own,using commonly understood causes to demonstrate your knowledge of the logical relationships.

Question 54

46.Can a risk of fatality ever be considered "moderate?" Explain your reasoning.

Question 55

44.A hazard must be in the highest categories of both "mishap severity" and "mishap probability" to be identified as a RAC "code 1-imminent danger."

Question 56

42.How many levels of "severity" are considered in the Risk Assessment Code (RAC)used by the U.S.Air Force?

Question 57

48.When a fire can result in a loss that exceeds $1,000,000,can the hazard ever be considered "moderate" under the Air Force Risk Assessment Code? Explain your reasoning.

Question 58

56.The text compares two national priorities for risk abatement.What are these two national priorities?

Question 59

58.Which risk,asbestos or radon,is a more serious hazard in the United States? Justify your answer.

Question 60

43.How many levels of "mishap probability" are considered in the Risk Assessment Code (RAC)used by the U.S.Air Force?

Question 61

70 Give an example of a practical application of Swiss cheese theory.

Question 62

66 Why is PPE the least-

Question 63

63.A proposed engineering improvement to a process is expected to reduce accidents by a significant amount.The engineering improvement will represent an annual process cost of $5000,including interest and amortization of the original investment.The average direct Workers Compensation costs attributable to the type of accident that would be prevented is approximately $4000 per accident.Perform a cost benefit analysis to determine how much improvement in accident prevention would be necessary to justify this engineering improvement.Justify your analysis by stating any reasonable assumptions that are necessary.

Question 64

69 What is the central premise to Swiss Cheese Theory and how is it applied to safety?

Question 65

60.Draw the fault-tree diagram that represents the following causal relationships: Event A can (and will)result in an accident if Cause B is also present.However,both Cause C and Cause D must be present for Cause B to happen.Cause B will definitely happen if Cause C and Cause D are present.

Question 66

71 What is the advantage of safety from the ground up?

Question 67

68 The fishbone diagram was developed by:

A)Kaoru Ishikawa
B)Dr.W.Edwards Deming
C)Walter Shewhart

Question 68

67 In what ways can slowing a process down make it safer?

Question 69

64.Safety from the ground up is a movement that gets managers out on the shop floor assessing the safety of employees.

Question 70

62.The second principle of "Engineering Principles of Safe Design" is "substitute." Explain this principle.In your explanation include at least two example substitutions.