Deck 37: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Question 1

How high does the plasma glucose have to be before the threshold for glucose is achieved?

A) 126 mg/dl
B) 150 mg/dl
C) 180 mg/dl
D) 200 mg/dl

Answer 1

180 mg/dl

Question 2

Which glycoprotein protects against urolithiasis and is a ligand for lymphokines?

A) Uromodulin
B) Nephrin
C) Urodilatin
D) Cystatin

Answer 2

Uromodulin

Question 3

The glomerular filtration rate is directly related to which factor?

A) Perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries
B) Diffusion rate in the renal cortex
C) Diffusion rate in the renal medulla
D) Glomerular active transport

Answer 3

Perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries

Question 4

What effect do natriuretic peptides have during heart failure when the heart dilates?

A) Stimulates antidiuretic hormones.
B) Inhibits antidiuretic hormones.
C) Stimulates renin and aldosterone.
D) Inhibits renin and aldosterone.

Question 5

Which cells have phagocytic properties similar to monocytes and contract like smooth muscles cells,thereby influencing the glomerular filtration rate?

A) Principle cells
B) Podocin cells
C) Mesangial cells
D) Intercalated cells

Question 6

Innervation of the bladder and internal urethral sphincter is supplied by which nerves?

A) Peripheral nerves
B) Parasympathetic fibers
C) Sympathetic nervous system
D) Tenth thoracic nerve roots

Question 7

The only surface inside the nephron where cells are covered with microvilli to increase the reabsorptive surface area is called the:

A) Proximal convoluted tubules
B) Distal tubules
C) Ascending loop of Henle
D) Descending loop of Henle

Question 8

On average,what percent of cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

A) 10% to 20%
B) 15% to 20%
C) 20% to 25%
D) 30% to 35%

Question 9

What is the trigone?

A) A smooth muscle that comprises the orifice of the ureter
B) The inner mucosal lining of the kidneys
C) A smooth triangular area between the openings of the two ureters and the urethra
D) One of the three divisions of the loop of Henle

Question 10

What is the direct action of atrial natriuretic hormone?

A) Sodium retention
B) Sodium excretion
C) Water retention
D) Water excretion

Question 11

What part of the kidney controls renal blood flow,glomerular filtration,and renin secretion?

A) Macula densa
B) Visceral epithelium
C) Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
D) Filtration slits

Question 12

What term is used to identify the movement of fluids and solutes from the tubular lumen to the peritubular capillary plasma?

A) Tubular secretion
B) Ultrafiltration
C) Tubular reabsorption
D) Tubular excretion

Question 13

Which hormone is required for water to be reabsorbed in the distal tubule and collecting duct?

A) Antidiuretic hormone
B) Aldosterone
C) Cortisol
D) Adrenocorticotropin hormone

Question 14

How much urine accumulates in the bladder before the mechanoreceptors sense bladder fullness?

A) 75 to 100 ml
B) 100 to 150 ml
C) 250 to 300 ml
D) 350 to 400 ml

Question 15

The area of the kidneys that contains the glomeruli and portions of the tubules is called the:

A) Medulla
B) Cortex
C) Pyramids
D) Columns

Question 16

Blood vessels of the kidneys are innervated by the:

A) Vagus nerve
B) Sympathetic nervous system
C) Somatic nervous system
D) Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 17

When renin is released,it is capable of which action?

A) Inactivation of autoregulation
B) Direct activation of angiotensin II
C) Direct release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D) Formation of angiotensin I

Question 18

What effects do exercise and body position have on renal blood flow?

A) Exercise and body position activate renal parasympathetic neurons and cause mild vasoconstriction.
B) They activate renal sympathetic neurons and cause mild vasoconstriction.
C) Both activate renal parasympathetic neurons and cause mild vasodilation.
D) They activate renal sympathetic neurons and cause mild vasodilation.

Question 19

What is the functional unit of the kidney called?

A) Glomerulus
B) Nephron
C) Collecting duct
D) Pyramid

Question 20

Kidney stones in the upper part of the ureter would produce pain referred to which anatomical area?

A) Vulva or penis
B) Umbilicus
C) Thighs
D) Lower abdomen

Question 21

What process allows the kidney to respond to an increase in workload?

A) Glomerular filtration
B) Secretion of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
C) Increased heart rate
D) Compensatory hypertrophy

Question 22

Which statements are true regarding renal circulation? (Select all that apply.)

A) The interlobar arteries travel down into the renal columns.
B) The arcuate arteries branch to form the interlobar arteries.
C) The arcuate arteries arch over the base of the pyramids.
D) The interlobar arteries run parallel to the surface of the kidneys.
E) The interlobar arteries run between the pyramids.

Question 23

What is the action of urodilatin?

A) Urodilatin causes vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles.
B) It causes vasodilation of the efferent arterioles.
C) Urodilatin inhibits antidiuretic hormone secretion.
D) It inhibits salt and water reabsorption.

Question 24

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Leukocytes

A)Good estimate of glomerular filtration rate
B)Form in concentrated acidic or alkaline urine
C)Cylindric with distinct borders
D)Hematuria
E)Pyuria

Question 25

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Creatinine clearance

A)Good estimate of glomerular filtration rate
B)Form in concentrated acidic or alkaline urine
C)Cylindric with distinct borders
D)Hematuria
E)Pyuria

Question 26

Which renal change is found in older adults?

A) Sharp decline in glomerular filtration rate
B) Sharp decline in renal blood flow
C) Decrease in the number of nephrons
D) Decrease in urine output

Question 27

Which process makes it possible for ureters to be transplanted successfully?

A) Compensatory hypertrophy
B) Erythropoietin secretion
C) Peristalsis
D) Collateral circulation

Question 28

Which forces create passive transport of water in the proximal tubule? (Select all that apply.)

A) Peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure
B) Peritubular capillary oncotic pressure
C) Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
D) Interstitial osmotic pressure
E) Peritubular capillary osmotic pressure

Question 29

What substance stimulates renal hydroxylation in the process of producing vitamin D?

A) Erythropoietin
B) Thyroid hormone
C) Calcitonin
D) Parathyroid hormone

Question 30

Which structures are parts of the nephron? (Select all that apply.)

A) Loop of Henle
B) Renal corpuscle
C) Proximal convoluted tubule
D) Calyx
E) Collecting duct

Question 31

Which hormones are produced by the kidney? (Select all that apply.)

A) Renin
B) Erythropoietin
C) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
D) Calcitonin
E) Aldosterone

Question 32

Compared with a younger individual,how is the specific gravity of urine in older adults affected?

A) Specific gravity of urine in older adults is increased.
B) Specific gravity of urine in older adults is considered high normal.
C) Specific gravity of urine in older adults is considered low normal.
D) Specific gravity of urine in older adults is decreased.

Question 33

Which hormone is synthesized and secreted by the kidneys?

A) Antidiuretic hormone
B) Aldosterone
C) Erythropoietin
D) Angiotensinogen

Question 34

What is the end-product of protein metabolism that is excreted in urine?

A) Glucose
B) Ketones
C) Bile
D) Urea

Question 35

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Crystals

A)Good estimate of glomerular filtration rate
B)Form in concentrated acidic or alkaline urine
C)Cylindric with distinct borders
D)Hematuria
E)Pyuria

Question 36

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Erythrocytes

A)Good estimate of glomerular filtration rate
B)Form in concentrated acidic or alkaline urine
C)Cylindric with distinct borders
D)Hematuria
E)Pyuria

Question 37

The concentration of the final urine is determined by antidiuretic hormone (ADH),which is secreted by which gland?

A) Posterior pituitary
B) Thyroid
C) Parathyroid
D) Anterior pituitary

Question 38

Which statement is true regarding urodilatin?

A) Urodilatin inhibits sodium chloride and water reabsorption in the medullary part of the collecting duct.
B) It inhibits antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to prevent water reabsorption in the medullary part of the collecting duct.
C) Urodilatin is stimulated by a rise in blood pressure and an increase in extracellular volume.
D) It is stimulated by a fall in blood pressure and a decrease in extracellular volume.

Question 39

What provides the best estimate of the functioning of renal tissue?

A) Glomerular filtration rate
B) Hourly urine output
C) Serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine
D) The specific gravity of the solute concentration of the urine

Question 40

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Casts

A)Good estimate of glomerular filtration rate
B)Form in concentrated acidic or alkaline urine
C)Cylindric with distinct borders
D)Hematuria
E)Pyuria