Deck 17: Pathways and Integrative Functions

Question 1

This pathway conducts proprioceptive information to the cerebellum for processing to coordinate body movements such as posture,balance,and skilled movements.

A)The posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal pathway
B)The anterolateral pathway
C)The musculomedial pathway
D)The spinocerebellar pathway
E)The posterolateral pathway

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A descending pathway carries

A)sensory information from the body to the brain.
B)motor information from the body to the brain.
C)sensory information from the brain to the body.
D)motor information from the brain to muscles and glands.
E)both motor and sensory information from the body to the brain.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

These pathways process stimuli received from the internal organs.

A)Somatosensory pathways
B)Internosensory pathways
C)Viscerosensory pathways
D)Somatomotor pathways
E)Visceromotor pathways

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Over 90 percent of nervous system pathways decussate.What does "decussate" mean?

A)Branch extensively
B)Carry information to and from the same effector
C)Cross from one side of the body to the other
D)Switch from carrying motor information to carrying sensory information
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 5

Where does the axon of a primary neuron project?

A)Directly to the appropriate region of the brain
B)To the axon of a tertiary neuron
C)To another primary neuron
D)To a secondary neuron
E)To a muscle or a gland for appropriate action

Question 6

An ascending pathway carries

A)sensory information from the body to the brain.
B)motor information from the body to the brain.
C)sensory information from the brain to the body.
D)motor information from the brain to muscles and glands.
E)both motor and sensory information from the body to the brain.

Question 7

This pathway conducts sensory stimuli concerned with proprioceptive information about limb position and discriminative touch,precise pressure,and vibration sensations.It projects through the spinal cord,brainstem,and diencephalon before terminating within the cerebral cortex.

A)The posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal pathway
B)The anterolateral pathway
C)The musculomedial pathway
D)The spinocerebellar pathway
E)The posterolateral pathway

Question 8

Where does the cell body of the primary neuron in a sensory pathway reside?

A)Posterior root ganglion of a spinal nerve
B)Posterior horn of the spinal cord
C)Receptor that responds to a stimulus
D)Corresponding somatic area of the brain
E)Effector that will respond to the stimulus

Question 9

Somatotopy refers to the

A)ability of the brain to identify the part of the body being innervated.
B)precise correspondence between receptors and specific functional areas in the CNS.
C)relationship between the spinal cord and associated areas in the brain.
D)relationship between the spinal nerves and the cranial nerves.
E)relationship between specific muscles and the nerves that innervate them.

Question 10

This pathway is composed of the anterior spinothalamic tract and the lateral spinothalamic tract.Axons entering this pathway conduct stimuli related to crude touch and pressure as well as pain and temperature.

A)The posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal pathway
B)The anterolateral pathway
C)The musculomedial pathway
D)The spinocerebellar pathway
E)The posterolateral pathway

Question 11

Which pathway does not use tertiary neurons?

A)Fasciculus cuneatus
B)Fasciculus gracilis
C)Lateral spinothalamic
D)Anterior spinothalamic
E)Anterior spinocerebellar

Question 12

How does the CNS communicate with the rest of the body?

A)Through direct connections based on a one nerve-one function process
B)Primarily through hormonal action
C)Through a system of neuronal links known as connectors
D)Through pathways that travel through white matter of the brainstem and spinal cord to connect various CNS regions with peripheral nerves
E)Through a network of fibrous interconnections between each organ and a specific target within the CNS

Question 13

Which is not a somatosensory pathway?

A)The posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal pathway
B)The anterolateral pathway
C)The musculomedial pathway
D)The spinocerebellar pathway
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 14

A nervous system pathway consists of two components.What are they?

A)An axon and a nucleus
B)An axon and a ganglion
C)A tract and a ganglion
D)A tract and a nucleus
E)A nucleus and a ganglion

Question 15

A nucleus is a

A)collection of neuron cell bodies within the PNS.
B)collection of neuron cell bodies within the CNS.
C)network of nerves.
D)center that displays discrete anatomic boundaries.
E)group of axons that travel together in the CNS.

Question 16

Which pathways conduct information about limb position and the sensations of touch,temperature,pressure,and pain?

A)Sensory pathways
B)Motor pathways
C)Descending pathways
D)Visceral pathways
E)Both sensory and motor pathways

Question 17

A tract is a

A)cluster of neuron cell bodies within the PNS.
B)collection of neuron cell bodies located within the CNS.
C)network of nerves.
D)center that displays discrete anatomic boundaries.
E)group of axons that travel together in the CNS.

Question 18

Which pathways are somatotopically organized?
A: Posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal pathway
B: Anterolateral pathway
C: Spinocerebellar pathway

A)a and b
B)a,b,and c
C)b and c
D)a and c
E)a only

Question 19

What is the termination point for the anterolateral pathway?

A)Cerebellum
B)Gray commissure of spinal cord
C)Posterior horn of spinal cord
D)Thalamus
E)Medulla oblongata

Question 20

The secondary neuron in a sensory pathway is a(n)

A)motor neuron.
B)interneuron.
C)visceral neuron.
D)center in the brain.
E)tract in the spinal cord.

Question 21

Which of these movements or muscle groups is not controlled by motor information transmitted by the corticobulbar tracts?

A)Eye movements
B)Certain superficial muscles of the back and neck
C)Muscles of the upper leg
D)Cranial,facial,pharyngeal,and laryngeal muscles
E)Intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles

Question 22

The different tracts within indirect motor pathways are grouped according to their primary functions.The lateral pathway controls

A)muscle tone and gross movements of the muscles of the head,neck,proximal limb,and trunk.
B)precise,discrete movements and tone in flexor muscles of the limbs.
C)heartbeat and blood pressure.
D)respiratory rhythm and CO₂ levels.
E)smooth muscle contraction in the viscera.

Question 23

The different tracts within indirect motor pathways are grouped according to their primary functions.The medial pathway regulates

A)muscle tone and gross movements of the muscles of the head,neck,proximal limb,and trunk.
B)and controls precise,discrete movements and tone in flexor muscles of the limbs.
C)heartbeat and controls blood pressure.
D)respiratory rhythm and CO₂ levels.
E)smooth muscle contraction in the viscera.

Question 24

The pair of thick anterior bulges (pyramids)in the medulla oblongata are formed by the

A)corticobulbar tracts.
B)internal capsular tracts.
C)corticospinal tracts.
D)anterior bulbar tracts.
E)cerebral nuclei.

Question 25

Axons of the lower motor neurons of the anterior corticospinal tracts innervate

A)skeletal muscles that control skilled movements in the limbs.
B)muscles of the lower digestive tract.
C)muscles of the respiratory system.
D)skeletal muscles of the upper back and neck.
E)axial skeletal muscle.

Question 26

Complex unconscious motor patterns are controlled by neurons in various locations.The ones that control swinging the arms while walking are located in the

A)mesencephalon.
B)cerebellum.
C)hypothalamus.
D)cerebral nuclei.
E)medulla oblongata.

Question 27

Which somatic motor pathway originates in the pyramidal cells of the primary motor cortex?

A)Direct pathway
B)Indirect pathway

Question 28

Of the four indirect motor spinal cord pathways that originate in the brainstem,the one whose upper motor neuron destination is the lateral funiculus is the

A)rubrospinal tract.
B)reticulospinal tact.
C)tectospinal tract.
D)vestibulospinal tract.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 29

The medial pathway of the indirect motor pathway consists of three groups of tracts.The one that helps to regulate positional changes of the arms,eyes,head,and neck as a consequence of visual and auditory stimuli is the

A)reticulospinal tract.
B)tectospinal tract.
C)vestibulospinal tract.

Question 30

In motor pathways,axons of lower motor neurons exit the _________ and project to the __________ to be innervated.

A)CNS;skeletal muscle
B)PNS;skeletal muscle
C)CNS;sensory receptor
D)PNS;sensory receptor
E)CNS;PNS

Question 31

The medial pathway of the indirect motor pathway consists of three groups of tracts.The one that helps to control unskilled automatic movements related to posture and maintaining balance is the

A)reticulospinal tract.
B)tectospinal tract.
C)vestibulospinal tract.

Question 32

Axons of the lower motor neurons of the lateral corticospinal tracts innervate

A)skeletal muscles that control skilled movements in the limbs.
B)muscles of the lower digestive tract.
C)muscles of the respiratory system.
D)skeletal muscles of the upper back and neck.
E)axial skeletal muscle.

Question 33

Complex unconscious motor patterns are controlled by neurons in various locations.The ones that control activities such as riding a bicycle are located in the

A)mesencephalon.
B)cerebellum.
C)hypothalamus.
D)cerebral nuclei.
E)medulla oblongata.

Question 34

The medial pathway of the indirect motor pathway consists of three groups of tracts.The one that helps to regulate muscular activity that helps maintain balance during sitting,standing,and walking is the

A)reticulospinal tract.
B)tectospinal tract.
C)vestibulospinal tract.

Question 35

Motor pathways are formed from a series of connections.Which is not part of the series?

A)Cerebellum
B)Cerebral nuclei
C)Hypothalamus
D)Descending projection tracts
E)Motor neurons

Question 36

Which somatic motor pathway is responsible for voluntary control of muscle activity?

A)Direct pathway
B)Indirect pathway

Question 37

Complex unconscious motor patterns are controlled by neurons in various locations.The ones that control sudden startled movements due to visual or auditory stimuli are located in the

A)mesencephalon.
B)cerebellum.
C)hypothalamus.
D)cerebral nuclei.
E)medulla oblongata.

Question 38

A child pounding on the keys of a piano makes a cacophony of unrecognizable noise,whereas a trained pianist reproduces a Mozart sonata.The portion of the brain that controls and coordinates the movements necessary to play the piano is the

A)thalamus.
B)medulla oblongata.
C)diencephalon.
D)cerebellum.
E)corpus callosum.

Question 39

In order to assess voluntary movements,messages from proprioceptors in skeletal muscles and joints are forwarded to the

A)basal nuclei.
B)primary cortex.
C)brainstem.
D)corpus callosum.
E)cerebellum.

Question 40

The corticobulbar tracts originate from the ______ region of the motor homunculus within the primary cortex.

A)cardiac
B)facial
C)palmar
D)genitalia
E)respiratory

Question 41

Damage to the cortical region of the representational hemisphere can cause dull,emotionless speech.This condition is called

A)dyslexia.
B)ataxia.
C)hemiballismus.
D)agnosia.
E)aprosody.

Question 42

Imagine that you have just moved into a new home.Your address includes a new zip code that you try to memorize,but you have trouble recalling the code the next morning and have to look it up.After a month of use,however,you can recall your zip code easily.Which statement best describes what happened with regard to your new zip code?

A)You first stored the zip code in short-term memory and had to keep storing it there until it was eventually easily recalled.
B)You had to rely on sensory memory to finally recall the zip code.
C)It takes time for the brain to rewire itself so that the zip code can be appropriately stored.
D)The zip code was placed into short-term memory and then through repeated recall,it reached long-term memory storage.
E)You eventually relied on working memory to recall the zip code.

Question 43

Higher-order mental functions include all of the following except

A)consciousness.
B)learning.
C)memory.
D)reflex actions.
E)reasoning.

Question 44

The Wernicke area is responsible for

A)recognizing the emotional content of words.
B)relating odor to past experience.
C)correlating auditory information.
D)storing and processing memory.
E)recognizing written and spoken language.

Question 45

Brain growth is 95 percent complete by the age of

A)6 months.
B)1 year.
C)2 years.
D)3 years.
E)5 years.

Question 46

In general,left-handed people have a ________________,which suggests that more signals may be relayed between their hemispheres.

A)thinner corpus callosum
B)larger pons
C)larger thalamus
D)thicker medulla
E)thicker corpus callosum

Question 47

A brain lesion in the __________ may cause personality abnormalities.

A)occipital lobe
B)frontal lobe
C)temporal lobe
D)insula
E)parietal lobe

Question 48

Mental processes such as awareness,knowledge,memory,perception,and thinking are collectively called

A)intelligence.
B)higher-order processing.
C)cognition.
D)ataxia.
E)hemiballismus.

Question 49

The term cerebral lateralization refers to the fact that

A)the two hemispheres are identical anatomically.
B)the right hemisphere controls only the right side of the body.
C)the two hemispheres control only the opposite side of the body.
D)each hemisphere is specialized for certain tasks.
E)the two hemispheres mature at the same time.

Question 50

The inability to perform coordinated body movements is called

A)aprosody.
B)agnosia.
C)precognition.
D)ataxia.
E)hemiballismus.

Question 51

Immediately posterior to the Wernicke area is the angular gyrus.What does this gyrus do?

A)Transforms images into visual reality
B)Processes the words we read into a form we can speak
C)Translates the audible word into a spoken form
D)Processes olfactory information
E)Transforms smells into visual images

Question 52

The right and left hemispheres remain in constant communication primarily through commissures in the

A)hypothalamus.
B)pons.
C)medulla oblongata.
D)pituitary.
E)corpus callosum.

Question 53

In most people,the Wernicke area is located in the

A)categorical hemisphere.
B)representational hemisphere.
C)visual cortex.
D)frontal lobe.
E)medulla oblongata.

Question 54

Error-correcting signals are sent from the cerebellum through the ___________ and the brainstem to the premotor and primary motor cortices.

A)thalamus
B)hypothalamus
C)pituitary
D)pineal body
E)pons

Question 55

What are petalias?

A)Areas of thickening in the spinal cord
B)Thinner areas in the corpus callosum
C)Shape asymmetry in the frontal or occipital lobes of the brain
D)Areas of crossing over that occur between the two hemispheres
E)Concentrations of ganglia in the posterior thalamic hemisphere

Question 56

In most people,the right hemisphere functions as the _____ hemisphere.

A)categorical
B)analytical
C)representational
D)critical
E)deductive

Question 57

In most people,the left hemisphere functions as the _________ hemisphere.

A)categorical
B)analytical
C)representational
D)critical
E)deductive

Question 58

The inability to either recognize or understand the meaning of various stimuli is termed

A)dyslexia.
B)ataxia.
C)hemiballismus.
D)agnosia.
E)aprosodia.

Question 59

Which type of memory is required to perform several different mental activities simultaneously?

A)Sensory memory
B)Short-term memory
C)Long-term memory
D)Working memory
E)Interactive memory

Question 60

A lesion in the brain that results in an inability of a person to recognize or understand the meaning of sounds or words would most likely be located in the

A)occipital lobe.
B)frontal lobe.
C)temporal lobe.
D)insula.
E)parietal lobe.

Question 61

Which is a condition in which a person loses memories of past events?

A)Korsakoff psychosis
B)Anterograde amnesia
C)Retrograde amnesia
D)Prosttraumatic amnesia
E)Hysterical amnesia

Question 62

This figure shows the anterolateral pathway.What structure does number 2 indicate?

A)Tertiary neuron
B)Secondary neuron
C)Primary neuron
D)Primary somatosensory cortex
E)Thalamus

Question 63

This figure shows regions of the brain that participate in the control of somatic motor activities.What feature does number 1 indicate?

A)Primary motor cortex
B)Motor association areas
C)Pontine nuclei of the indirect system
D)Pyramidal system
E)Lower motor neurons

Question 64

The effects of aging on the brain begin at about ________ of age.

A)20 years
B)30 years
C)40 years
D)50 years
E)60 years

Question 65

In this partially cut-away brain diagram,what collective feature does number 1 indicate?

A)Primary motor cortex
B)Thalamus
C)Cerebral nuclei
D)Reticular formation
E)Cerebellar nuclei

Question 66

A nucleus is defined as a collection of neuron cell bodies located within the PNS.

Question 67

What pathway does number 1 indicate?

A)Spinocerebellar pathway
B)Posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal pathway
C)Anterolateral pathway
D)Fascicular pathway
E)Reticulospinal pathway

Question 68

Which is a deep and profound state of unconsciousness from which a person cannot be aroused?

A)Stupor
B)Syncope
C)Lethargy
D)Coma
E)Faint

Question 69

What type of information is conducted by the pathway indicated by number 2?

A)Proprioceptive
B)Visceral motor
C)Autonomic motor
D)Crude touch and pressure
E)Pain

Question 70

This part of the brain is responsible for autonomic motor functions such as respiration,blood pressure,and heart rate,as well as for regulating muscle tone.

A)Sensory component of the reticular formation
B)Prefrontal cortex
C)Motor component of the reticular formation
D)Amygdala
E)Hypothalamus

Question 71

This figure shows motor pathways.What tract does number 5 indicate?

A)Lateral corticospinal tract
B)Rubrospinal tract
C)Anterior corticospinal tract
D)Vestibulospinal tract
E)Tectospinal tract

Question 72

This figure shows regions of the brain that participate in the control of somatic motor activities.What feature does number 4 indicate?

A)Primary motor cortex
B)Motor association areas
C)Pontine nuclei of the indirect system
D)Pyramidal system
E)Lower motor neurons

Question 73

In this partially cut-away brain diagram,what structure does number 2 indicate?

A)Primary motor cortex
B)Thalamus
C)Cerebral nuclei
D)Reticular formation
E)Tectum

Question 74

This figure shows motor pathways.What tract does number 2 indicate?

A)Lateral corticospinal tract
B)Rubrospinal tract
C)Anterior corticospinal tract
D)Vestibulospinal tract
E)Tectospinal tract

Question 75

This figure shows the anterolateral pathway.What structure does number 4 indicate?

A)Tertiary neuron
B)Primary neuron
C)Anterior spinothalamic tract
D)Lateral spinothalamic tract
E)Posterior spinothalamic tract

Question 76

This figure shows the anterolateral pathway.What structure does number 1 indicate?

A)Substantia nigra
B)Lateral ventricle
C)Medial lemniscus
D)Primary somatosensory cortex
E)Thalamus

Question 77

This part of the brain is responsible for alerting the cerebrum to incoming sensory information.

A)Sensory component of the reticular formation
B)Prefrontal cortex
C)Motor component of the reticular formation
D)Amygdaloid body
E)Hypothalamus

Question 78

Which is a form of impaired memory processing that occurs following years of alcohol abuse?

A)Korsakoff psychosis
B)Anterograde amnesia
C)Retrograde amnesia
D)Prosttraumatic amnesia
E)Hysterical amnesia

Question 79

Which is a condition in which a person finds it virtually impossible to process and/or store ongoing events?

A)Korsakoff psychosis
B)Anterograde amnesia
C)Retrograde amnesia
D)Prosttraumatic amnesia
E)Hysterical amnesia

Question 80

Which part of the brain arouses us from sleep?

A)Reticular activating system
B)Prefrontal cortex
C)Motor component of the reticular formation
D)Amygdaloid body
E)Hypothalamus