Deck 11: The Global Distribution and Character of Soils

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سؤال
The solid,nonliving part of the Earth is the

A) atmosphere.
B) biosphere.
C) hydrosphere.
D) lithosphere.
E) exosphere.
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سؤال
Which of the following are contained within soil?

A) inorganic material
B) organic material
C) magma
D) air
E) water
سؤال
The inorganic materials in soil are derived predominantly from

A) air.
B) rocks and minerals.
C) partially decomposed organisms.
D) meteorites.
E) precipitates from groundwater.
سؤال
When the pore spaces in soil are mainly filled with water,the soils are said to be

A) fertile.
B) muck.
C) saturated.
D) translocated.
E) eroded.
سؤال
Broken rock debris in the process of soil formation that overlies solid bedrock is called

A) solum.
B) loam.
C) caliche.
D) regolith.
E) peds.
سؤال
Which of the following statements are true about humus?

A) Humus stabilizes the soil.
B) Humus aids in the retention of moisture.
C) Humus supports microorganisms.
D) Humus is made from the weathered rock material.
E) Humus causes deep soil horizons to dry out and destabilizes the soil.
سؤال
Fill in the blank to make each statement true (answers may be more than one word).
i)The ______[1]_______ is the maximum amount of water the soil can hold after gravitational water has moved away.
ii)______[2]_______ is the threshold amount of soil water below which plants can no longer absorb water.
iii)Balancing the ______[3]________ involves the amount of precipitation,evapotranspitation,and water storage and loss.
سؤال
Select all of the following statements that are true:

A) Illuviation, the process of dissolution and downward mobilization of minerals in the soil, causes zones of the soil to become leached.
B) Another name for leaching of soils is eluviation.
C) Solifluction is a process where iron oxidizes, resulting in soils that appear a rusty color.
D) Illuvial zones are portions of the soil profile where minerals are deposited.
E) Bioturbation always causes a soil to become more heterogeneous.
سؤال
Partially decomposed organic matter in the soil is

A) regolith.
B) bedrock.
C) caliche.
D) solum.
E) humus.
سؤال
The balance of soil water that involves the amount of precipitation,evapotranspiration,and water storage and loss is the:

A) hydrologic cycle
B) carbon cycle
C) soil-water budget
D) soil horizon
E) energy budget
سؤال
The force that causes water to rise in small tubular conduits within the soil is

A) capillary action.
B) field capacity.
C) surface tension.
D) the wilting point.
E) evapotranspiration.
سؤال
The main gas in soil is

A) argon.
B) oxygen.
C) carbon dioxide.
D) methane.
E) nitrogen.
سؤال
Fill in the blank to make each of the following statements true.
i)Minerals can be dissolved and mobilized downward by a process called _____[1]_____.
ii)When minerals reach an area below the zone of leaching,they can sometimes recrystallize,a process known as _____[2]_______.
سؤال
The uppermost layer of the Earth's surface containing mineral and organic matter capable of supporting plants is

A) soil.
B) batholith.
C) regolith.
D) rock.
E) magma.
سؤال
The contracting force that occurs when the water surface meets the air and acts like an elastic skin is

A) field capacity.
B) surface tension.
C) capillary action.
D) solifluction.
E) evapotranspiration.
سؤال
Soil-forming factors include

A) relief and time.
B) organisms.
C) climate.
D) parent materials.
E) All of these.
سؤال
The sediment or weathered bedrock in which the soil forms is the

A) asthenosphere.
B) parent material.
C) caliche.
D) solum.
E) epipedon.
سؤال
The threshold amount of soil water below which plants can no longer absorb water is the:

A) field capacity
B) wilting point
C) capillary action
D) surface tension
E) solifluction
سؤال
The process of losing water from the soil to the air from both the ground and from plants is called

A) albedo.
B) wilting.
C) capillary action.
D) discharge.
E) evapotranspiration.
سؤال
The maximum amount of water the soil can hold after gravitational water has moved away is the:

A) field capacity
B) wilting point
C) surface tension
D) capillary action
E) evapotranspiration
سؤال
When looking at a soil ___[1]___ (vertical cut into the soil),there are one or more ___[2]____ (distinct layers in a soil)which result from soil-forming processes.
Answer 1 Choices:
gradient
profile
relief
Answer 2 Choices:
chroma
horizons
orders
سؤال
The mixing of soil by plants and burrowing animals is called

A) geophagy.
B) bioturbation.
C) geodesy.
D) diastrophism.
E) seismology.
سؤال
Which of the following are examples of cations?

A) calcium
B) colloids
C) magnesium
D) potassium
E) iron
سؤال
Soil that is high in iron-bearing minerals is often

A) white.
B) black.
C) yellow.
D) red.
E) gray.
سؤال
Which of the following are pedogenic processes?

A) additions
B) translocations
C) metamorphism
D) deletions
E) transformations
سؤال
The difference between the high and low elevations of an area is the

A) gradient.
B) slope.
C) topology.
D) relief.
E) incline.
سؤال
Select all of the following roles that organisms play in soil:

A) decomposing organic matter
B) mixing and aeration
C) leaching soils of nutrients
D) recycling soil elements through consumption and waste production
E) becoming humus
سؤال
Rank from largest to smallest:

A) sand, silt, and clay.
B) silt, sand, and clay.
C) silt, clay, and sand.
D) sand, clay, and silt.
E) clay, sand, and silt.
سؤال
The layers of an undisturbed and well-developed soil profile from top to bottom would be

A) A, B, C, E, O, R.
B) O, A, E, B, C, R.
C) A, B, C, E, R, O.
D) O, R, A, B, C, E.
E) O, R, E, A, B, C.
سؤال
Which of the following are types of soil structure?

A) granular
B) silty clay
C) loam
D) blocky
E) platy
سؤال
A Munsell chart is used to

A) describe soil color.
B) determine slope and relief.
C) identify texture.
D) measure pH.
E) describe soil structure.
سؤال
Select all of the following reasons that relief is important to soil.

A) Steeper slopes erode more slowly.
B) Erosion due to runoff is more likely in hilly terrain.
C) Soils are thicker on steep slopes.
D) Leaching is promoted in the flatter areas.
E) Material moves from flat areas to steeper areas.
سؤال
Generally,the MOST important factor in soil development is

A) time.
B) organisms.
C) climate.
D) parent materials.
E) relief.
سؤال
Soil that is high in humus is often

A) white.
B) black.
C) yellow.
D) red.
E) orange.
سؤال
Very small,evenly divided solids that do not settle in solution are called

A) colloids.
B) chroma.
C) sand.
D) epipedons.
E) solum.
سؤال
A clump of soil is called a(n)

A) colloid.
B) ped.
C) grain.
D) loam.
E) epipedon.
سؤال
Select all of the characteristics that describe colloids:

A) Colloids are only composed of inorganic material.
B) Soil high in colloids will likely have a higher water-holding capacity than a similar soil with fewer colloids.
C) A soil with abundant colloids is more likely to have a high cation exchange capacity compared to a soil with few colloids.
D) Colloids are chemically inactive.
E) Colloids can exist in inorganic and organic form.
سؤال
_________ are positively charged ions.

A) Solum
B) Cations
C) Chroma
D) Colloids
E) Epipedon
سؤال
White soils usually are high in

A) iron.
B) humus.
C) calcium.
D) olivine.
E) taconite.
سؤال
Soil classification from larger to smaller according to the U.S.system is

A) great groups, series, orders, suborders, families.
B) orders, suborders, great groups, series, families.
C) great groups, orders, families, suborders, series.
D) families, orders, suborders, great groups, series.
E) families, great groups, orders, suborders, series.
سؤال
A regional soil-forming process in tropical and subtropical environments that results in extensive eluviation of minerals except for iron and aluminum is

A) podzolization.
B) laterization.
C) calcification.
D) salinization.
E) gleization.
سؤال
The soil order noted for its brick-like qualities,leaching of the silica,red,yellow,or yellowish colors,thin A horizon,and low fertility is

A) alfisols.
B) oxisols.
C) vertisols.
D) spodosols.
E) mollisols.
سؤال
How many soil orders are there?
سؤال
The surface horizon of a soil profile is a(n)

A) family.
B) ped.
C) cation.
D) loam.
E) epipedon.
سؤال
A regional soil-forming process in cool,humid environments that results from the eluviation if iron,aluminum,and organic acids to form well-developed E and Bs horizons is

A) laterization.
B) podzolization.
C) calcification.
D) gleization.
E) salinization.
سؤال
B horizons that are enriched in eluviated clay are described as being

A) argillic.
B) albic.
C) oxic.
D) spodic.
E) salic
سؤال
Ultisols are characterized by which of the following?

A) reddish color
B) spodic horizon
C) argillic horizons
D) ability to sustain continuous agriculture
E) low clay content throughout the entire soil
سؤال
Small humps and ridges associated with vertisols are called

A) permafrost.
B) orstein.
C) caliche.
D) erratics.
E) gilgai.
سؤال
The soil order shown on the map is <strong>The soil order shown on the map is  </strong> A) andisols. B) ultisols. C) oxisols. D) mollisols. E) aridisols. <div style=padding-top: 35px>

A) andisols.
B) ultisols.
C) oxisols.
D) mollisols.
E) aridisols.
سؤال
The number of soil orders in the world according to the U.S.system is

A) 25.
B) 19.
C) 12.
D) 10.
E) 8.
سؤال
The method of soil classification based on physical,chemical,and biological properties is called soil ______

A) horizon.
B) biomes.
C) taxonomy.
D) divisions.
E) epipedon.
سؤال
Which of the following are characteristics of vertisols?

A) extremely high sand content
B) abundance of expandable clays
C) slickensides on the peds
D) not likely to change appearance during wet and dry seasons
E) presence of gilgai
سؤال
The soil order noted for its laterization is

A) alfisols.
B) gelisols.
C) spodosols.
D) oxisols.
E) entisols.
سؤال
Which of the following layers are included in the solum?

A) C
B) A
C) E
D) B
E) R
سؤال
The soils generally found in seasonal midlatitude regions that formed through podzolization and have an alkaline argillic horizon are called

A) alfisols.
B) oxisols.
C) mollisols.
D) aridisols.
E) entisols.
سؤال
The U.S.federal agency tasked with managing and sustaining the resources such as soil is now called the

A) Soil Conservation Service.
B) Geologic Survey.
C) Census Bureau.
D) Natural Resource Conservation Service.
E) Department of Homeland Security.
سؤال
The soil order shown on the map is <strong>The soil order shown on the map is  </strong> A) andisols. B) alfisols. C) oxisols. D) aridisols. E) ultisols. <div style=padding-top: 35px>

A) andisols.
B) alfisols.
C) oxisols.
D) aridisols.
E) ultisols.
سؤال
Oxisols have which of the following characteristics?

A) thin A horizon
B) low fertility
C) brick-like qualities
D) very little leaching of silica
E) oxic soil horizon
سؤال
The study of soil as a natural resource is

A) seismology.
B) paleontology.
C) soil science (pedology).
D) topology.
E) pediatry.
سؤال
Soils that have one or more weakly developed horizons due to some alteration and removal of soluble minerals are

A) inceptisols.
B) entisols.
C) aridisols.
D) andisols.
E) gelisols.
سؤال
From west to east across the central United States,the soils are

A) spodosols, aridisols, ultisols.
B) aridisols, mollisols, alfisols.
C) mollisols, ultisols, oxisols.
D) oxisols, ultisols, entisols.
E) andisols, mollisols, ultisols.
سؤال
Acidic soils associated with coniferous forests,gray E horizons,and distinctive B horizons are

A) oxisols.
B) histosols.
C) mollisols.
D) spodosols.
E) entisols.
سؤال
Soils that are very weakly developed and have no distinct horizons are

A) aridisols.
B) andisols.
C) inceptisols.
D) gelisols.
E) entisols.
سؤال
Midlatitude deciduous forests are BEST associated with

A) alfisols.
B) mollisols.
C) aridisols.
D) oxisols.
E) gelisols.
سؤال
The soil order shown on the map is <strong>The soil order shown on the map is  </strong> A) andisols. B) inceptisols. C) alfisols. D) gelisols. E) entisols. <div style=padding-top: 35px>

A) andisols.
B) inceptisols.
C) alfisols.
D) gelisols.
E) entisols.
سؤال
The soil order shown on the map is <strong>The soil order shown on the map is  </strong> A) alfisols. B) gelisols. C) inceptisols. D) spodosols. E) entisols. <div style=padding-top: 35px>

A) alfisols.
B) gelisols.
C) inceptisols.
D) spodosols.
E) entisols.
سؤال
Soils that are highly organic and important for truck farming (market gardening)are

A) histosols.
B) vertisols.
C) spodosols.
D) aridisols.
E) entisols.
سؤال
A regional soil-forming process in which soluble salts are cycled within the soil is

A) podzolization.
B) gleization.
C) calcification.
D) laterization.
E) salinization.
سؤال
Tropical rainforests are BEST associated with

A) alfisols.
B) mollisols.
C) aridisols.
D) oxisols.
E) gelisols.
سؤال
Write in the name of the horizon that each of the following statement describes:
i)mineral soil horizon characterized by the illuvial accumulation of aluminum,iron,and organic carbon [1]
ii)diagnostic horizon of podzolization from which class and free iron oxides have been removed,resulting in a light-colored E horizon [2]
iii)diagnostic horizon that is enriched in illuviated calcium carbonate [3]
iv)hard,cemented layer of calcium carbonate deposits in a calcic horizon of the soil [4]
v)diagnostic horizon that forms due to the recrystallization of secondary salts [5]
سؤال
A regional soil-forming process in which calcium carbonate is cycled within the soil is

A) gleization.
B) laterization.
C) calcification.
D) podzolization.
E) salinization.
سؤال
The BEST climate association with aridisols is

A) Mediterranean dry-summer.
B) hot low-latitude and cold midlatitude desert.
C) tropical savanna.
D) subarctic and tundra.
E) cold midlatitude steppe and humid continental mild-summer.
سؤال
The soil BEST associated with tundra is

A) entisols.
B) gelisols.
C) mollisols.
D) histosols.
E) inceptisols.
سؤال
The soil order shown on the map is <strong>The soil order shown on the map is  </strong> A) alfisols. B) mollisols. C) aridisols. D) spodosols. E) entisols. <div style=padding-top: 35px>

A) alfisols.
B) mollisols.
C) aridisols.
D) spodosols.
E) entisols.
سؤال
Which of the following are characteristics of mollisols?

A) form through calcification
B) contain mollic epipedons that overlie mineral matter that is more than half saturated with base ions
C) commonly associated with polar regions
D) the most fertile and productive soils
E) associated with grasslands
سؤال
Soil that is permanently frozen is called

A) marl.
B) slickensides.
C) caliche.
D) orbstein.
E) permafrost.
سؤال
The soil order shown on the map is <strong>The soil order shown on the map is  </strong> A) alfisols. B) ultisols. C) spodosols. D) mollisols. E) inceptisols. <div style=padding-top: 35px>

A) alfisols.
B) ultisols.
C) spodosols.
D) mollisols.
E) inceptisols.
سؤال
The soil order shown on the map is <strong>The soil order shown on the map is  </strong> A) aridisols. B) mollisols. C) inceptisols. D) andisols. E) entisols. <div style=padding-top: 35px>

A) aridisols.
B) mollisols.
C) inceptisols.
D) andisols.
E) entisols.
سؤال
The soil order shown on the map is <strong>The soil order shown on the map is  </strong> A) andisols. B) ultisols. C) histosols. D) aridisols. E) entisols. <div style=padding-top: 35px>

A) andisols.
B) ultisols.
C) histosols.
D) aridisols.
E) entisols.
سؤال
Soil-forming processes are called pedogenic processes.
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ملء الشاشة (f)
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Deck 11: The Global Distribution and Character of Soils
1
The solid,nonliving part of the Earth is the

A) atmosphere.
B) biosphere.
C) hydrosphere.
D) lithosphere.
E) exosphere.
D
2
Which of the following are contained within soil?

A) inorganic material
B) organic material
C) magma
D) air
E) water
A,B,D,E
3
The inorganic materials in soil are derived predominantly from

A) air.
B) rocks and minerals.
C) partially decomposed organisms.
D) meteorites.
E) precipitates from groundwater.
B
4
When the pore spaces in soil are mainly filled with water,the soils are said to be

A) fertile.
B) muck.
C) saturated.
D) translocated.
E) eroded.
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5
Broken rock debris in the process of soil formation that overlies solid bedrock is called

A) solum.
B) loam.
C) caliche.
D) regolith.
E) peds.
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6
Which of the following statements are true about humus?

A) Humus stabilizes the soil.
B) Humus aids in the retention of moisture.
C) Humus supports microorganisms.
D) Humus is made from the weathered rock material.
E) Humus causes deep soil horizons to dry out and destabilizes the soil.
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7
Fill in the blank to make each statement true (answers may be more than one word).
i)The ______[1]_______ is the maximum amount of water the soil can hold after gravitational water has moved away.
ii)______[2]_______ is the threshold amount of soil water below which plants can no longer absorb water.
iii)Balancing the ______[3]________ involves the amount of precipitation,evapotranspitation,and water storage and loss.
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8
Select all of the following statements that are true:

A) Illuviation, the process of dissolution and downward mobilization of minerals in the soil, causes zones of the soil to become leached.
B) Another name for leaching of soils is eluviation.
C) Solifluction is a process where iron oxidizes, resulting in soils that appear a rusty color.
D) Illuvial zones are portions of the soil profile where minerals are deposited.
E) Bioturbation always causes a soil to become more heterogeneous.
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9
Partially decomposed organic matter in the soil is

A) regolith.
B) bedrock.
C) caliche.
D) solum.
E) humus.
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10
The balance of soil water that involves the amount of precipitation,evapotranspiration,and water storage and loss is the:

A) hydrologic cycle
B) carbon cycle
C) soil-water budget
D) soil horizon
E) energy budget
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11
The force that causes water to rise in small tubular conduits within the soil is

A) capillary action.
B) field capacity.
C) surface tension.
D) the wilting point.
E) evapotranspiration.
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12
The main gas in soil is

A) argon.
B) oxygen.
C) carbon dioxide.
D) methane.
E) nitrogen.
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13
Fill in the blank to make each of the following statements true.
i)Minerals can be dissolved and mobilized downward by a process called _____[1]_____.
ii)When minerals reach an area below the zone of leaching,they can sometimes recrystallize,a process known as _____[2]_______.
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14
The uppermost layer of the Earth's surface containing mineral and organic matter capable of supporting plants is

A) soil.
B) batholith.
C) regolith.
D) rock.
E) magma.
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15
The contracting force that occurs when the water surface meets the air and acts like an elastic skin is

A) field capacity.
B) surface tension.
C) capillary action.
D) solifluction.
E) evapotranspiration.
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16
Soil-forming factors include

A) relief and time.
B) organisms.
C) climate.
D) parent materials.
E) All of these.
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17
The sediment or weathered bedrock in which the soil forms is the

A) asthenosphere.
B) parent material.
C) caliche.
D) solum.
E) epipedon.
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18
The threshold amount of soil water below which plants can no longer absorb water is the:

A) field capacity
B) wilting point
C) capillary action
D) surface tension
E) solifluction
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19
The process of losing water from the soil to the air from both the ground and from plants is called

A) albedo.
B) wilting.
C) capillary action.
D) discharge.
E) evapotranspiration.
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20
The maximum amount of water the soil can hold after gravitational water has moved away is the:

A) field capacity
B) wilting point
C) surface tension
D) capillary action
E) evapotranspiration
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21
When looking at a soil ___[1]___ (vertical cut into the soil),there are one or more ___[2]____ (distinct layers in a soil)which result from soil-forming processes.
Answer 1 Choices:
gradient
profile
relief
Answer 2 Choices:
chroma
horizons
orders
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22
The mixing of soil by plants and burrowing animals is called

A) geophagy.
B) bioturbation.
C) geodesy.
D) diastrophism.
E) seismology.
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23
Which of the following are examples of cations?

A) calcium
B) colloids
C) magnesium
D) potassium
E) iron
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24
Soil that is high in iron-bearing minerals is often

A) white.
B) black.
C) yellow.
D) red.
E) gray.
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25
Which of the following are pedogenic processes?

A) additions
B) translocations
C) metamorphism
D) deletions
E) transformations
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26
The difference between the high and low elevations of an area is the

A) gradient.
B) slope.
C) topology.
D) relief.
E) incline.
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27
Select all of the following roles that organisms play in soil:

A) decomposing organic matter
B) mixing and aeration
C) leaching soils of nutrients
D) recycling soil elements through consumption and waste production
E) becoming humus
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28
Rank from largest to smallest:

A) sand, silt, and clay.
B) silt, sand, and clay.
C) silt, clay, and sand.
D) sand, clay, and silt.
E) clay, sand, and silt.
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29
The layers of an undisturbed and well-developed soil profile from top to bottom would be

A) A, B, C, E, O, R.
B) O, A, E, B, C, R.
C) A, B, C, E, R, O.
D) O, R, A, B, C, E.
E) O, R, E, A, B, C.
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30
Which of the following are types of soil structure?

A) granular
B) silty clay
C) loam
D) blocky
E) platy
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31
A Munsell chart is used to

A) describe soil color.
B) determine slope and relief.
C) identify texture.
D) measure pH.
E) describe soil structure.
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32
Select all of the following reasons that relief is important to soil.

A) Steeper slopes erode more slowly.
B) Erosion due to runoff is more likely in hilly terrain.
C) Soils are thicker on steep slopes.
D) Leaching is promoted in the flatter areas.
E) Material moves from flat areas to steeper areas.
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33
Generally,the MOST important factor in soil development is

A) time.
B) organisms.
C) climate.
D) parent materials.
E) relief.
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34
Soil that is high in humus is often

A) white.
B) black.
C) yellow.
D) red.
E) orange.
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35
Very small,evenly divided solids that do not settle in solution are called

A) colloids.
B) chroma.
C) sand.
D) epipedons.
E) solum.
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36
A clump of soil is called a(n)

A) colloid.
B) ped.
C) grain.
D) loam.
E) epipedon.
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37
Select all of the characteristics that describe colloids:

A) Colloids are only composed of inorganic material.
B) Soil high in colloids will likely have a higher water-holding capacity than a similar soil with fewer colloids.
C) A soil with abundant colloids is more likely to have a high cation exchange capacity compared to a soil with few colloids.
D) Colloids are chemically inactive.
E) Colloids can exist in inorganic and organic form.
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38
_________ are positively charged ions.

A) Solum
B) Cations
C) Chroma
D) Colloids
E) Epipedon
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39
White soils usually are high in

A) iron.
B) humus.
C) calcium.
D) olivine.
E) taconite.
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40
Soil classification from larger to smaller according to the U.S.system is

A) great groups, series, orders, suborders, families.
B) orders, suborders, great groups, series, families.
C) great groups, orders, families, suborders, series.
D) families, orders, suborders, great groups, series.
E) families, great groups, orders, suborders, series.
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41
A regional soil-forming process in tropical and subtropical environments that results in extensive eluviation of minerals except for iron and aluminum is

A) podzolization.
B) laterization.
C) calcification.
D) salinization.
E) gleization.
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42
The soil order noted for its brick-like qualities,leaching of the silica,red,yellow,or yellowish colors,thin A horizon,and low fertility is

A) alfisols.
B) oxisols.
C) vertisols.
D) spodosols.
E) mollisols.
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43
How many soil orders are there?
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44
The surface horizon of a soil profile is a(n)

A) family.
B) ped.
C) cation.
D) loam.
E) epipedon.
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45
A regional soil-forming process in cool,humid environments that results from the eluviation if iron,aluminum,and organic acids to form well-developed E and Bs horizons is

A) laterization.
B) podzolization.
C) calcification.
D) gleization.
E) salinization.
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46
B horizons that are enriched in eluviated clay are described as being

A) argillic.
B) albic.
C) oxic.
D) spodic.
E) salic
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47
Ultisols are characterized by which of the following?

A) reddish color
B) spodic horizon
C) argillic horizons
D) ability to sustain continuous agriculture
E) low clay content throughout the entire soil
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48
Small humps and ridges associated with vertisols are called

A) permafrost.
B) orstein.
C) caliche.
D) erratics.
E) gilgai.
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49
The soil order shown on the map is <strong>The soil order shown on the map is  </strong> A) andisols. B) ultisols. C) oxisols. D) mollisols. E) aridisols.

A) andisols.
B) ultisols.
C) oxisols.
D) mollisols.
E) aridisols.
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50
The number of soil orders in the world according to the U.S.system is

A) 25.
B) 19.
C) 12.
D) 10.
E) 8.
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51
The method of soil classification based on physical,chemical,and biological properties is called soil ______

A) horizon.
B) biomes.
C) taxonomy.
D) divisions.
E) epipedon.
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52
Which of the following are characteristics of vertisols?

A) extremely high sand content
B) abundance of expandable clays
C) slickensides on the peds
D) not likely to change appearance during wet and dry seasons
E) presence of gilgai
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53
The soil order noted for its laterization is

A) alfisols.
B) gelisols.
C) spodosols.
D) oxisols.
E) entisols.
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54
Which of the following layers are included in the solum?

A) C
B) A
C) E
D) B
E) R
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55
The soils generally found in seasonal midlatitude regions that formed through podzolization and have an alkaline argillic horizon are called

A) alfisols.
B) oxisols.
C) mollisols.
D) aridisols.
E) entisols.
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56
The U.S.federal agency tasked with managing and sustaining the resources such as soil is now called the

A) Soil Conservation Service.
B) Geologic Survey.
C) Census Bureau.
D) Natural Resource Conservation Service.
E) Department of Homeland Security.
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57
The soil order shown on the map is <strong>The soil order shown on the map is  </strong> A) andisols. B) alfisols. C) oxisols. D) aridisols. E) ultisols.

A) andisols.
B) alfisols.
C) oxisols.
D) aridisols.
E) ultisols.
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58
Oxisols have which of the following characteristics?

A) thin A horizon
B) low fertility
C) brick-like qualities
D) very little leaching of silica
E) oxic soil horizon
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59
The study of soil as a natural resource is

A) seismology.
B) paleontology.
C) soil science (pedology).
D) topology.
E) pediatry.
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60
Soils that have one or more weakly developed horizons due to some alteration and removal of soluble minerals are

A) inceptisols.
B) entisols.
C) aridisols.
D) andisols.
E) gelisols.
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61
From west to east across the central United States,the soils are

A) spodosols, aridisols, ultisols.
B) aridisols, mollisols, alfisols.
C) mollisols, ultisols, oxisols.
D) oxisols, ultisols, entisols.
E) andisols, mollisols, ultisols.
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62
Acidic soils associated with coniferous forests,gray E horizons,and distinctive B horizons are

A) oxisols.
B) histosols.
C) mollisols.
D) spodosols.
E) entisols.
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63
Soils that are very weakly developed and have no distinct horizons are

A) aridisols.
B) andisols.
C) inceptisols.
D) gelisols.
E) entisols.
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64
Midlatitude deciduous forests are BEST associated with

A) alfisols.
B) mollisols.
C) aridisols.
D) oxisols.
E) gelisols.
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65
The soil order shown on the map is <strong>The soil order shown on the map is  </strong> A) andisols. B) inceptisols. C) alfisols. D) gelisols. E) entisols.

A) andisols.
B) inceptisols.
C) alfisols.
D) gelisols.
E) entisols.
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66
The soil order shown on the map is <strong>The soil order shown on the map is  </strong> A) alfisols. B) gelisols. C) inceptisols. D) spodosols. E) entisols.

A) alfisols.
B) gelisols.
C) inceptisols.
D) spodosols.
E) entisols.
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67
Soils that are highly organic and important for truck farming (market gardening)are

A) histosols.
B) vertisols.
C) spodosols.
D) aridisols.
E) entisols.
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68
A regional soil-forming process in which soluble salts are cycled within the soil is

A) podzolization.
B) gleization.
C) calcification.
D) laterization.
E) salinization.
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69
Tropical rainforests are BEST associated with

A) alfisols.
B) mollisols.
C) aridisols.
D) oxisols.
E) gelisols.
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70
Write in the name of the horizon that each of the following statement describes:
i)mineral soil horizon characterized by the illuvial accumulation of aluminum,iron,and organic carbon [1]
ii)diagnostic horizon of podzolization from which class and free iron oxides have been removed,resulting in a light-colored E horizon [2]
iii)diagnostic horizon that is enriched in illuviated calcium carbonate [3]
iv)hard,cemented layer of calcium carbonate deposits in a calcic horizon of the soil [4]
v)diagnostic horizon that forms due to the recrystallization of secondary salts [5]
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71
A regional soil-forming process in which calcium carbonate is cycled within the soil is

A) gleization.
B) laterization.
C) calcification.
D) podzolization.
E) salinization.
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72
The BEST climate association with aridisols is

A) Mediterranean dry-summer.
B) hot low-latitude and cold midlatitude desert.
C) tropical savanna.
D) subarctic and tundra.
E) cold midlatitude steppe and humid continental mild-summer.
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73
The soil BEST associated with tundra is

A) entisols.
B) gelisols.
C) mollisols.
D) histosols.
E) inceptisols.
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74
The soil order shown on the map is <strong>The soil order shown on the map is  </strong> A) alfisols. B) mollisols. C) aridisols. D) spodosols. E) entisols.

A) alfisols.
B) mollisols.
C) aridisols.
D) spodosols.
E) entisols.
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75
Which of the following are characteristics of mollisols?

A) form through calcification
B) contain mollic epipedons that overlie mineral matter that is more than half saturated with base ions
C) commonly associated with polar regions
D) the most fertile and productive soils
E) associated with grasslands
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76
Soil that is permanently frozen is called

A) marl.
B) slickensides.
C) caliche.
D) orbstein.
E) permafrost.
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77
The soil order shown on the map is <strong>The soil order shown on the map is  </strong> A) alfisols. B) ultisols. C) spodosols. D) mollisols. E) inceptisols.

A) alfisols.
B) ultisols.
C) spodosols.
D) mollisols.
E) inceptisols.
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78
The soil order shown on the map is <strong>The soil order shown on the map is  </strong> A) aridisols. B) mollisols. C) inceptisols. D) andisols. E) entisols.

A) aridisols.
B) mollisols.
C) inceptisols.
D) andisols.
E) entisols.
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79
The soil order shown on the map is <strong>The soil order shown on the map is  </strong> A) andisols. B) ultisols. C) histosols. D) aridisols. E) entisols.

A) andisols.
B) ultisols.
C) histosols.
D) aridisols.
E) entisols.
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80
Soil-forming processes are called pedogenic processes.
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