Deck 13: Association Between Variables Measured at the Nominal Level

Question 1

When selecting measures of association to assess the relationship between variables measured at different levels,social scientists generally choose the measure

A)that is appropriate for the lower of the levels.
B)that is appropriate for the higher of the levels.
C)the measure that makes their results look best.
D)the measure with the highest numerical value.

Answer 1

that is appropriate for the lower of the levels.

Question 2

A researcher finds that males are much more supportive of cohabitation than females.The phi is 0.25.This is a ____ relationship.

A)moderate
B)negative
C)positive
D)strong

Answer 2

moderate

Question 3

In a 2x2 table,phi ranges in value from

A)-1.00 to +1.00.
B)0 to 1.00.
C)0 to $\pm$ 1.00.
D)1 to 100.

Answer 3

0 to 1.00.

Question 4

As measures of association,phi and Cramer's V are especially useful when

A)an ANOVA test has already been conducted.
B)percentages have not been calculated.
C)cell frequencies are unknown.
D)Chi square has already been calculateD.

Question 5

A problem with both Cramer's V and phi is that values between 0.00 and 1.00

A)are very rare.
B)are mathematically impossible.
C)can actually indicate negative relationships.
D)can be interpreted only as an index of the relative strength of the association.

Question 6

Unlike lambda,phi

A)is computed from percentages.
B)ranges from -1.00 to +1.00.
C)is the square root of Cramer's V.
D)is based on chi square.

Question 7

When using bivariate tables to investigate association,researchers should always ____ in addition to analyzing measures of association.

A)calculate chi square
B)calculate column percentages
C)conduct an ANOVA test
D)calculate means,standard deviations,and medians

Question 8

For a 3x3 table,the appropriate chi square based measure of association would be

A)Cramer's V.
B)phi.
C)lambda.
D)gamma.

Question 9

The strength of an association between variables can be shown by computing phi,a measure that is

A)appropriate for 2x2 tables.
B)relatively easy to calculate.
C)based on chi square.
D)all of the above

Question 10

Proportional reduction in error (PRE)measures of association are based on the logic of

A)percentages.
B)inference.
C)prediction.
D)zero errors.

Question 11

If you would like to compute a chi-square based measure of association for a 3x4 table,the appropriate measure would be

A)Cramer's V.
B)phi.
C)lambda.
D)the maximum difference.

Question 12

A study was made of marital satisfaction experienced by men and women.A phi of .07 was calculated for the relationship between gender and satisfaction.This result shows that

A)women experience greater marital satisfaction.
B)men experience greater marital satisfaction.
C)there is a weak relationship between the variables.
D)there is a positive relationship between the variables.

Question 13

Lambda is a PRE measure that is used when variables are measured at the

A)nominal level.
B)ordinal level.
C)interval-ratio level.
D)any of the above

Question 14

For tables larger than 2x2,phi can exceed 1.00.This makes phi

A)useless.
B)difficult to interpret.
C)the best measure of association.
D)preferable to Cramer's V.

Question 15

Phi and Cramer's V would be appropriate as measures of association for variable measured at the

A)nominal level.
B)ordinal level.
C)interval-ratio level.
D)continuous level.

Question 16

In the formula for Cramer's V,the expression (minimum of r - 1,c - 1)

A)appears in the numerator.
B)tells us to use phi if there are fewer than 3 rows or columns.
C)is in the denominator.
D)is used only for samples larger than 100.

Question 17

Cramer's V is

A)used for tables that are larger than 2x2.
B)based on chi square.
C)easy to calculate.
D)all of the above

Question 18

A researcher tested the relationship between gender and support for assisted suicide ("death with dignity")and found a Cramer's V of 0.45.This relationship is

A)strong.
B)weak.
C)positive.
D)significant but not important.

Question 19

Cramer's V differs from phi in that it

A)ranges from 0 to -1.00.
B)is computed using the expression (minimum of r - 1,c - 1).
C)can never exceed .80.
D)has only one degree of freedom.

Question 20

In tables larger than 2x2,the upper limit of phi

A)can be greater than 1.00.
B)can be less than zero.
C)is no more than 0.05.
D)is 100.

Question 21

While ignoring the independent variable,we make 78 errors when predicting the dependent variable.When taking the independent into account,we reduce the number of errors to 43.Therefore,

A)the variables are not associated.
B)the variables are associated.
C)the independent variable is definitely a cause of the dependent variable.
D)phi will be 0.

Question 22

A state is considering legislation to establish a fifteen-day waiting period for the purchase of handguns.A sample of 392 citizens has been questioned regarding their opinions about the waiting period.Is there a relationship between sex and support for this law? Calculate percentages,Cramer's V,and lambda for the table below.Write a sentence or two assessing the strength and pattern or direction of the relationship.

Question 23

TABLE 13.1
$\begin{array}{l|l|l|l|}\hline &\text { GENDER }\\\hline\text { CHURCH ATTENDANCE } & \text { Male } & \text { Female } & \\\hline \text { Attend } & 200 & 350 & 550 \\\hline \text { Don't attend } & 300 & 150 & 450 \\\hline & 500 & 500 & 1000 \\\hline\end{array}$
In Table 13.1,E₁ is

A)550.
B)450.
C)1000.
D)500.

Question 24

Lambda compares the number of errors of prediction under two separate rules.In the first rule,the independent variable is

A)ignored.
B)squared.
C)taken into account.
D)expressed as a percentage.

Question 25

According to the logic of proportional reduction of error (PRE),if two variables are associated,then information about the independent variable

A)eliminates errors in the prediction of the dependent variable.
B)reduces the number of errors in predicting the dependent variable.
C)has no effect on the ability to predict the dependent variable.
D)decreases errors of prediction for negative relationships and increases errors for positive relationships.

Question 26

To find E_2,

A)multiply E₁ by N.
B)subtract the largest cell frequency in each column from the column total and then add the subtotals.
C)subtract the column totals from the largest cell frequency in each column and then add subtotals together.
D)subtract the respective column totals from row totals and divide by N.

Question 27

If there is no association between two variables,knowledge of the independent variable

A)causes us to make more prediction errors.
B)improves the accuracy of our predictions.
C)does not change the number of errors of prediction.
D)makes prediction of the dependent variable impossible.

Question 28

TABLE 13.1
$\begin{array}{l|l|l|l|}\hline &\text { GENDER }\\\hline\text { CHURCH ATTENDANCE } & \text { Male } & \text { Female } & \\\hline \text { Attend } & 200 & 350 & 550 \\\hline \text { Don't attend } & 300 & 150 & 450 \\\hline & 500 & 500 & 1000 \\\hline\end{array}$
In Table 13.1,E₂ is

A)650.
B)450.
C)500.
D)350.

Question 29

TABLE 13.1
$\begin{array}{l|l|l|l|}\hline &\text { GENDER }\\\hline\text { CHURCH ATTENDANCE } & \text { Male } & \text { Female } & \\\hline \text { Attend } & 200 & 350 & 550 \\\hline \text { Don't attend } & 300 & 150 & 450 \\\hline & 500 & 500 & 1000 \\\hline\end{array}$
Lambda for Table 13.1 is

A)1.00.
B).87.
C).50.
D).22.

Question 30

Lambda is asymmetric,which means that

A)the value of lambda is the same regardless of which variable is taken as independent.
B)the upper limit of lambda is less than 1.00.
C)the value of lambda may vary depending on which variable is taken as independent.
D)lambda cannot exceed .50.

Question 31

A bivariate table shows the association between gender and whether or not a person ever attends formal religious services.Lambda was .34.What may be concluded?

A)women are more likely to attend church
B)men are more likely to attend church
C)knowing a person's gender improves our ability to predict whether or not they attend religious services by 34%
D)knowing whether a person attends religious services improves our ability to predict their gender by 34%

Question 32

For the same bivariate table,Cramer's V is .27 and lambda is zero.What can we conclude?

A)A computational mistake has been made.V can never be greater than lambdA.
B)This is a negative relationship.
C)There is no association;disregard V.
D)The variables may be associated even if lambda is zero.Disregard lambda if the row marginals are very unequal.

Question 33

Information derived from survey data that examines the relationship between the race of a person and his employment status yields a lambda of .20.This information indicates that we are ____% better off knowing race when attempting to predict employment status.

A)50
B)40
C)80
D)20

Question 34

When the row marginals are extremely unequal,

A)lambda is the preferred measure of association.
B)lambda may exceed 1.00.
C)any chi square based measure of association will be less than zero.
D)lambda may be zero even though there is an association between the variables.

Question 35

Is there an association between support for the legalization of marijuana and age? Calculate percentages,Cramer's V,and lambda for the table below.Write a sentence or two assessing the strength and pattern or direction of the relationship.

Question 36

Which is the correct expression for finding E₁?

A)N - k
B)N - E₂
C)phi - V
D)N - (largest row total)

Question 37

Which of the following measures of association is based on the logic of proportional reduction of error (PRE)?

A)lambda
B)phi
C)Cramer's V
D)alpha