Deck 8: Cognition and Language

Question 1

What is homeostasis?

A) A theory of need reduction
B) A built-in tendency to regulate bodily conditions
C) The psychological representation of a need
D) the diffusion of fluids in a cell

Answer 1

A built-in tendency to regulate bodily conditions

Question 2

Dr.LaGrange is skeptical of drive theories of motivation.Which of the following behaviors is he most likely to cite to justify his skepticism?

A) Bungee jumping
B) Having sex
C) Eating a quick meal
D) Fleeing a stranger with a knife

Answer 2

Bungee jumping

Question 3

Drive-reduction approaches first appeared in the psychology of motivation in the:

A) 1920s.
B) 1940s.
C) 1960s.
D) 1980s.

Answer 3

1940s.

Question 4

Declan,a Ph.D candidate,tells his department's undergraduate student organization that his dissertation research is in the area of motivation.Declan is investigating:

A) the ability to generate new solutions to problems.
B) the way behavior changes as a result of experience.
C) the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.
D) the processes whereby information is encoded,stored,and retrieved.

Question 5

With which of the following early psychologists is instinct theory most strongly associated?

A) James
B) Thorndike
C) McDougall
D) Watson

Question 6

When psychologists first tried to explain motivation,they turned to _____.

A) notions
B) instincts
C) incitements
D) stimulants

Question 7

Dr.Schmidt studies the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.Dr.Schmidt studies:

A) personality.
B) intelligence.
C) cognition.
D) motivation.

Question 8

Inborn biologically determined patterns of behavior are called:

A) reflexes.
B) instincts.
C) notions.
D) motives.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT among the shortcomings of instinct approaches to motivation?

A) Instinct approaches can account only for physiological motivations,not psychological ones.
B) Instinct theorists identified too many different instincts for the theory to be useful.
C) Instinct theorists disagreed on the precise instincts guiding behavior.
D) Instinct approaches merely describe behavior;they fail to explain it.

Question 10

Why do drive-reduction approaches fail to offer a complete account of human motivation?

A) Homeostasis does not accurately describe the mechanism by which primary drives operate.
B) Drive-reduction approaches offer much better explanations of behaviors motivated by secondary drives than of behaviors motivated by primary drives.
C) People are sometimes motivated to increase rather than decrease their level of stimulation.
D) Drive-reduction approaches are vague about what,or even how many,primary drives exist.

Question 11

To which of the following behaviors is drive theory LEAST applicable?

A) Sleeping extra hours after having disturbed sleep the previous day
B) Drinking a cola on a hot day
C) Having a snack
D) Studying long hours

Question 12

_____ refers to the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.

A) Development
B) Intelligence
C) Cognition
D) Motivation

Question 13

Motivational tension that energizes behavior to fulfill a need is termed a(n):

A) drive.
B) reflex.
C) incentive.
D) instinct.

Question 14

Drive-reduction approaches to motivation are:

A) theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need.
B) beliefs that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity.
C) theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals.
D) theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts,expectations,and goal.

Question 15

The arousal approach to motivation suggests that:

A) a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need.
B) if levels of stimulation and activity are too low,we will try to increase them by seeking stimulation.
C) motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals.
D) motivation is a product of people's thoughts,expectations,and goal.

Question 16

Which of the following statements best expresses the fate of instinct approaches to motivation within mainstream psychology?

A) Instinct approaches to motivation are gaining strength in psychology,as they reflect the cutting-edge perspective of cognitive psychology.
B) Instinct approaches to motivation still play a role in certain theories,especially those based on evolutionary approaches that focus on our genetic inheritance.
C) Instinct approaches to motivation have been abandoned and are really of only historical interest in psychology.
D) Instinct approaches have always been influential in the psychology of motivation.

Question 17

Does drive theory offer a comprehensive account of motivation? Why or why not?

A) No.Drive theory offers a satisfactory explanation of physiological motives,but fails to account for more psychologically oriented motives.
B) No.Drive theory fails to account for many motives,including physiological ones.
C) Yes.Drive theory offers a satisfactory explanation of not only physiological motives,but also more psychologically oriented ones.
D) Yes.Drive theories of physiological motives have been empirically supported.

Question 18

Which approach to motivation is CORRECTLY paired with a behavior to which it is especially appropriate?

A) Drive-reduction-eating
B) Arousal-studying
C) Cognitive-riding roller coasters
D) Incentive-sleeping

Question 19

The first two theoretical approaches to motivation that attained prominence in the history of modern psychology were:

A) the instinct approach,then the incentive approach.
B) the incentive approach,then the drive-reduction approach.
C) the drive-reduction approach,then the instinct approach.
D) the instinct approach,then the drive-reduction approach.

Question 20

When blood pH becomes overly acidic,respiration and kidney function change to bring the acidity back to its normal pH level of 7.4.What does this process best exemplify?

A) Metabolism
B) Acclimatization
C) Homeostasis
D) An opponent-process system

Question 21

According to Maslow,our highest level need is the need for self-:

A) esteem.
B) efficacy.
C) love.
D) actualization.

Question 22

Dr.Fiore conducts a study in which two groups of participants work on challenging puzzles: one group is extrinsically motivated whereas the other is intrinsically motivated.Thus,one group is paid for its participation,while the other is not.Dr.Fiore records the length of time each participant spent working on the puzzle and how enjoyable each participant rated the puzzle.Based on the text's discussion of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation,what might you expect?

A) The paid group would work longer on the puzzle,but like it less than the unpaid group.
B) The paid group would not work as long on the puzzle and like it less than the unpaid group.
C) The paid group would work longer on the puzzle and like it more than the unpaid group.
D) The paid group would not work as long on the puzzle,but like it more than the unpaid group.

Question 23

Which approach to motivation is CORRECTLY matched with one or more psychologists?

A) Instinct theory-Horney
B) Drive theory-Maslow
C) Hierarchy of needs- Hull
D) Self-determination theory-Deci and Ryan

Question 24

"Dance like no one's watching.Work like you don't need the money.Love like you've never been hurt," exhorts a sign on Dr.Elliott's office door.This sign underscores the importance of _____ motivation.

A) explicit
B) intrinsic
C) implicit
D) external

Question 25

Cognitive approaches to motivation are:

A) theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need.
B) beliefs that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity.
C) theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals.
D) theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts,expectations,and goal.

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of extrinsic motivation?

A) An athlete practices for long hours because she loves to run.
B) A doctor sees more patients to make more money.
C) A social worker spends more time with the elderly because she likes to be with them.
D) A student reads many books on religion because she is very interested in religious studies.

Question 27

_____ approaches to motivation emphasize the appealing properties of external objects or goals.

A) Drive-reduction
B) Arousal
C) Incentive
D) Cognitive

Question 28

Motivation theorists refer to rewards we seek to obtain as:

A) stimulants.
B) incentives.
C) drives.
D) reinforcers.

Question 29

Incentive approaches to motivation are:

A) theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need.
B) beliefs that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity.
C) theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals.
D) theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts,expectations,and goal.

Question 30

According to Abraham Maslow,a major prerequisite for becoming self-actualized is having:

A) all of one's lower-order needs fulfilled.
B) a major altruistic streak.
C) a very selfless nature.
D) suffered in the past so one can truly appreciate the good aspects of life.

Question 31

Which of the following sequences best expresses the order in which the needs in Maslow's pyramid must be fulfilled,from the first to the last?

A) Physiological and safety → love and belongingness → esteem → self-actualization
B) Physiological and safety → esteem → love and belongingness → self-actualization
C) Self-actualization → esteem → love and belongingness → physiological and safety
D) Self-actualization → love and belongingness → esteem → physiological and safety

Question 32

Shellie takes college courses that interest her and enjoys learning for its own sake;Tori takes courses in which she is fairly certain she'll do well and studies mainly to ensure good grades.Shellie is _____ motivated;Tori,_____ motivated.

A) intrinsically;extrinsically
B) internally;externally
C) extrinsically;intrinsically
D) externally;internally

Question 33

According to self-determination theory,_____ is the need to produce desired outcomes.

A) development
B) autonomy
C) relatedness
D) competence

Question 34

"Human behavior is varied and often seems unpredictable;also,people sometimes seek out extremely stimulating situations and activities." This statement is most likely that of a proponent of _____ theories of motivation.

A) instinct
B) incentive
C) arousal
D) cognitive

Question 35

Which of the following is true of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

A) Intrinsic motivation causes us to do something for money,a grade,or some other concrete,tangible reward.
B) Extrinsic motivation causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any concrete,tangible reward that it will bring us.
C) In some cases providing rewards for desirable behavior actually may decrease intrinsic motivation.
D) We are more apt to persevere,work harder,and produce work of higher quality when motivation for a task is extrinsic rather than intrinsic.

Question 36

A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own unique way is known as _____ in Maslow's model.

A) self-reliance
B) self-actualization
C) self-efficacy
D) self-regulation

Question 37

Which of the following refers to the cause that pushes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any concrete,tangible reward that it will bring us?

A) Intrinsic motivation
B) Extrinsic motivation
C) External factors
D) Observable factors

Question 38

Which approach to motivation is INCORRECTLY paired with its description?

A) Drive-reduction-Motivation reflects the lack of basic biological necessity.
B) Arousal-Motivation reflects the attempt to maintain a certain level of stimulation.
C) Incentive-Motivation reflects the desire to obtain valued external goals.
D) Cognitive-Motivation reflects the role of instincts.

Question 39

Of the following individuals,whose behavior may most easily be explained using an arousal approach to motivation?

A) Artie,who loves to bungee jump
B) Barry,who buys an expensive watch he can't resist
C) Callista,who studies long hours to earn good grades
D) Brooke,who sleeps extra after having a tiring week at work

Question 40

How do arousal approaches to motivation differ from drive-reduction approaches?

A) Arousal approaches suggest that we are sometimes motivated to increase rather than decrease our level of stimulation.
B) Arousal approaches suggest that we are sometimes motivated to decrease rather than increase our level of stimulation.
C) Arousal approaches emphasize the desirable qualities of internal stimuli to a greater extent than do drive-reduction approaches.
D) Arousal theories place greater emphasis on physiological needs than do drive theories.

Question 41

According to self-determination theory,_____ is the perception that we have control over our own lives.

A) reliance
B) autonomy
C) relatedness
D) competence

Question 42

Society's view of the ideal body:

A) has always emphasized thinness.
B) varies from one culture to another.
C) has remained constant over time.
D) emphasizes the perfect ratio of height and weight.

Question 43

Dr.DeRidder lesions,or damages,the ventromedial hypothalamus in one group of rats and the lateral hypothalamus in another group.What effect might he expect on the eating behavior of each group of rats?

A) Both groups should stop eating,and perhaps eventually starve to death.
B) Both groups should begin overeating,and become grossly obese.
C) Rats with ventromedial lesions should stop eating;rats with lateral lesions should begin overeating.
D) Rats with ventromedial lesions should begin overeating;rats with lateral lesions should stop eating.

Question 44

People with a BMI between 25 and 30 are considered:

A) overweight.
B) obese.
C) normal.
D) underweight.

Question 45

Which figure best approximates the number of women in the United States who suffer from an eating disorder?

A) 100,000
B) 1 million
C) 5 million
D) 10 million

Question 46

Charlotte meets Will,an old high school friend,at a party and is startled to learn his weight increased from 150 to 280 pounds in the year since his automobile accident.Damage to which hypothalamic nucleus might account for his weight gain?

A) Mediotemporal
B) Hypermedial
C) Ventromedial
D) Lateral

Question 47

Carrie's body rapidly converts food into energy.Mandy's body converts food into energy more slowly.Carrie and Mandy have different:

A) metabolic rates.
B) weight set points.
C) homeostatic ratios.
D) g factors.

Question 48

Which figure best approximates the number of people in the United States who are overweight?

A) 50 million
B) 100 million
C) 150 million
D) 200 million

Question 49

_____ leads the body to store excess sugar in the blood as fats and carbohydrates.

A) Cortisol
B) Serotonin
C) Insulin
D) Estrogen

Question 50

Projections are that by 2018,_____ % of U.S.residents may be obese.

A) 60
B) 35
C) 55
D) 40

Question 51

Anorexia nervosa is among the top _____ most frequent causes of disability among young women.

A) three
B) five
C) ten
D) two

Question 52

Natalie's BMI is 26.She is best described as:

A) overweight.
B) obese.
C) normal.
D) underweight.

Question 53

According to self-determination theory,_____ is the need to be involved in close,warm relationships with others.

A) significance
B) autonomy
C) relatedness
D) competence

Question 54

People with a BMI greater than 30 are considered:

A) overweight.
B) obese.
C) normal.
D) underweight.

Question 55

Which of the following biological hunger regulators is CORRECTLY identified and described?

A) Ghrelin - communicates hunger to the brain
B) Glucose - works to excite the CNS
C) Insulin - regulates feelings of hunger
D) Ghrelin - stored in the body as fat

Question 56

_____ is the rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body.

A) Neutralization
B) Phagocytosis
C) Metabolism
D) Emulsification

Question 57

Which of the following is true about approaches to motivation?

A) A large number of approaches are contradictory rather than complementary.
B) Employing more than one approach can prevent us from understanding motivation in a particular instance.
C) Even common behaviors like eating may be motivated by many different factors.
D) A maximum of two approaches should be used to study any behavior.

Question 58

Misty's BMI is 27.Marnie's is 31.Misty is considered _____.Marnie is _____.

A) overweight;overweight as well
B) overweight;obese
C) obese;obese as well
D) normal weight;overweight

Question 59

The hormone _____ is designed evolutionarily to guard against weight loss.

A) oxytocin
B) leptin
C) ghrelin
D) glucose

Question 60

Which of the following brain structures has been implicated in monitoring glucose levels and food intake?

A) The amygdala
B) The hypothalamus
C) The hippocampus
D) The thalamus

Question 61

The need for achievement is often assessed with the:

A) Thematic Apperception Test.
B) Rorschach Inkblot Test.
C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
D) California Personality Inventory.

Question 62

In what way do the results of brain-scanning studies support or discredit biological and environmental contributions to anorexia nervosa and bulimia?

A) They support environmental contributions to anorexia nervosa because the brains of anorexics and healthy individuals responded differently to food stimuli.
B) They support environmental contributions to anorexia nervosa because the brains of anorexics and healthy individuals responded similarly to food stimuli.
C) They discredit biological contributions to anorexia nervosa because the brains of anorexics and healthy individuals responded similarly to food stimuli.
D) They support biological contributions to anorexia nervosa because the brains of anorexics responded differently to food stimuli than did the brains of healthy individuals.

Question 63

What is an estrogen?

A) It is a class of female digestive hormones.
B) It is a class of female sex hormones.
C) It is a class of male digestive hormones.
D) It is a class of male sex hormones.

Question 64

_____ is a disorder,in which a person binges on large quantities of food,followed by efforts to purge the food through vomiting or other means.

A) Anorexia nervosa
B) Compulsive eating
C) Bulimia
D) Binge-eating disorder

Question 65

Which of the following is true of anorexia nervosa?

A) People suffering from this eating disorder binge on large quantities of food.
B) This mainly afflicts females between the ages of 12 and 40.
C) The weight of the person suffering from this disorder remains normal.
D) People suffering from this eating disorder induce vomiting or take laxatives to rid themselves of the food.

Question 66

Which figure best approximates the percentage of Americans who say they want to lose weight?

A) 40%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 75%

Question 67

What are genitals?

A) They are the male and female digestive organs.
B) They are the respiratory organs of a human being.
C) They are the male and female nervous organs.
D) They are the male and female sex organs.

Question 68

Androgens are:

A) male sex hormones secreted by the testes.
B) male cells in the liver.
C) female sex hormones secreted by the ovaries.
D) female cells in the lungs.

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of anorexia nervosa?

A) Eating a large amount of food in a single setting
B) An interest in cooking
C) Purging food through vomiting or the use of laxatives
D) Going shopping for food

Question 70

Each semester,during advising week,Dylan asks his faculty advisor to identify the easiest courses and teachers that would satisfy his degree requirements.Dylan's need for achievement is probably:

A) high.
B) moderately high.
C) medium.
D) low.

Question 71

Which of the following is true of the need for affiliation?

A) People who have higher affiliation needs desire to be alone more of the time than those who have lower affiliation needs.
B) People who have lower affiliation needs desire to be with friends more than those who have higher affiliation needs.
C) Regardless of their affiliative orientation,male students spend significantly more time with their friends.
D) People who have higher affiliation needs are particularly sensitive to relationships with others.

Question 72

Mary Jo is taking the Thematic Apperception Test.She is looking at:

A) inkblots.
B) pictures.
C) sentences.
D) numerical problems.

Question 73

Approximately _____ of those who suffer from anorexia nervosa starve themselves to death.

A) 1%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 15%

Question 74

The _____ is an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people.

A) need for achievement
B) need for survival
C) need for power
D) need for affiliation

Question 75

As many as _____ of women suffer from bulimia at some point in their lives.

A) 50%
B) 35%
C) 5%
D) 10%

Question 76

_____ is a severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance-which can become skeleton-like-are unusual.

A) Anorexia nervosa
B) Compulsive eating
C) Bulimia
D) Binge eating

Question 77

Meghan is bulimic.Which of the following statements is MOST LIKELY to be accurate?

A) Meghan is more likely than other individuals of her age to be overweight.
B) Meghan is more likely than other individuals of her age to be underweight.
C) Meghan is neither more nor less likely than other individuals of her age to be overweight.
D) Meghan is probably seriously underweight.

Question 78

Larissa is highly invested in initiating and maintaining relationships.She is high in the need for:

A) association.
B) assembly.
C) affiliation.
D) affinity.

Question 79

The _____ is a stable,learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and meeting challenging goals.

A) need for achievement
B) need for survival
C) need for affiliation
D) need for power

Question 80

How often should you exercise?

A) At least 30 consecutive minutes,three times each week
B) At least seven hours a week
C) At least 100 minutes every alternate day
D) At least two hours every day