Deck 20: Origin of Species and Macroevolution

Question 1

Dandelions,Taraxacum officinale,are plants that asexually produce fruitlike propagules.Sexual reproduction is very rare in this organism.Which species concept would be least useful in defining dandelions as a species?

A)Evolutionary lineage concept.
B)Biological species concept.
C)Ecological species concept.
D)General lineage concept.
E)All of these species concepts would be equally useful.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A liger is the offspring of a male lion and a female tiger.Male ligers cannot produce offspring.This is an example of

A)gametic isolation.
B)hybrid inviability.
C)hybrid sterility.
D)hybrid breakdown.
E)mechanical isolation.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A disadvantage of using DNA or RNA sequences to identify species is that

A)it can only be used for sexually reproducing organisms.
B)it cannot be used for extinct species.
C)there is no rule for determining the number of sequence differences needed for a new species.
D)if can be misleading because many species exhibit large variation in phenotype.
E)species that do not interbreed in nature may be able to successfully breed in captivity.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What is true of Hox gene complexes in mammals?

A)They evolved convergently from similar genes in insects and flatworms.
B)They directly encode morphological proteins.
C)They are located on a single chromosome.
D)They determine cell fate along the anteroposterior axis.
E)They play a major role in embryonic,but not adult,body plans.

Question 5

Under the ___________ ,species are identified based on their unique habitat requirements.

A)phylogenetic species concept
B)biological species concept
C)evolutionary species concept
D)ecological species concept
E)general lineage concept

Question 6

The Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens)and Southern leopard frog (Rana utricularia)are morphologically similar,but have undergone behavioral isolation.Based on this,what is the most likely reason they are considered separate species?

A)The Northern species breeds during spring,while the Southern species breeds in late summer.
B)The mating calls of the two species are different.
C)Adults of the Southern species are entirely terrestrial,while adults of the Northern species are entirely aquatiC.
D)Hybrids of the two species are sterile.
E)Sperm of the Northern species are unable to penetrate the membrane of eggs of the Southern species.

Question 7

Allopatric speciation occurs because a population

A)merges with another population of the same species.
B)becomes geographically isolated and undergoes genetic change.
C)becomes extinct and is replaced by a population of a different species.
D)shows little genetic change from generation to generation.
E)hybrid sterility occurs.

Question 8

Frogs "croak" at night to lure females for mating.Females are attracted only to the song of their species.This is an example of

A)hybrid sterility.
B)temporal isolation.
C)hybrid breakdown.
D)behavioral isolation.
E)gametic isolation.

Question 9

Two species of salamander have similar ranges and morphology,but one breeds from January to March,while the second one breeds from March to May.This is an example of

A)mechanical isolation.
B)temporal isolation.
C)habitat isolation.
D)behavioral isolation.
E)gametic isolation.

Question 10

A group of individuals that can interbreed in nature and produce viable offspring would be considered to be a species according to the

A)phylogenetic species concept.
B)biological species concept.
C)evolutionary species concept.
D)ecological species concept.
E)general lineage concept.

Question 11

Some breeds of dogs that are specialized to retrieve objects from bodies of water have webbing between their toes,while most other breeds do not have webbing.Variation in what cellular process is most likely responsible for this difference?

A)cell division
B)apoptosis (cell death)
C)cell differentiation
D)cell migration
E)cell axis development

Question 12

American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)and European sycamore (Platanus orientalis)are tree species that will interbreed if planted nearby but will not normally interbreed because they occur on different continents.This is an example of

A)mechanical isolation.
B)temporal isolation.
C)habitat isolation.
D)behavioral isolation.
E)gametic isolation.

Question 13

A storm blows a small group of migrating birds off course and they land on an island,where they remain for 100 generations.At this time,a second storm brings more birds from the mainland population to the island.These new birds cannot mate with the established birds,even though they are originally from the same population.What mechanisms are likely to have been involved in bringing about this speciation? Select all that apply.
__X__ Genetic drift
_____ Polyploidy in the mainland bird population.
__X__ Founder effect
__X__ Adaptation to a new ecological niche

Question 14

During spring time in Maine,male moose often enter a cow pasture and begin calling to the female cows.The moose may even try to mount the female but the male moose genitalia do not fit properly inside the female cow genitalia.This is an example of

A)mechanical isolation.
B)temporal isolation.
C)habitat isolation.
D)behavioral isolation.
E)gametic isolation.

Question 15

What mechanism makes it difficult to classify bacteria into distinct species groups?

A)vertical evolution.
B)horizontal gene transfer.
C)sexual reproduction.
D)asexual reproduction.
E)low mutation rates.

Question 16

If two populations are geographically restricted groups of the same species,but display one or more traits that are somewhat different,the two groups are sometimes classified as

A)subspecies
B)phenotypes
C)macrospecies
D)genetic clones
E)hybrid species

Question 17

Sperm from a slate-pencil sea urchin are moved by the ocean currents towards eggs from a rock boring sea urchin.The rock boring urchin eggs are fertilized,but only complete the first three rounds of embryonic cell division.What type of reproductive isolation is at work in this example?

A)mechanical isolation.
B)gametic isolation.
C)habitat isolation.
D)hybrid sterility
E)hybrid inviability.

Question 18

The process of evolutionary changes that result in formation of new species is called

A)microevolution.
B)artificial selection.
C)macroevolution.
D)natural selection.

Question 19

Adaptive radiation is likely to have been responsible for what scenario?

A)The divergence of a single parasitic wasp population into two distinct species that use different hosts.
B)The evolution of the horse via changes in climate and food supply.
C)The long period of equilibrium in a bat species in the Mariana Islands.
D)The 1,000 species of Drosophila found dispersed throughout the Hawaiian Islands.

Question 20

What situation would be MOST likely to produce a new species?

A)A group of polyploid individuals arises by an abnormal mitosis.The polyploids can only produce viable offspring by mating with
Each other.
B)Several individuals join an existing population and introduce new,beneficial alleles.
C)Several individuals colonize a new area and establish a population.Migration between the new population and the source population is common.
D)An existing species becomes subdivided by a glacier and the resulting groups remain physically isolated from each other for thousands of years.When the glacier melts,the two groups have developed slight differences in coloration,but are able to interbreeD.
E)A volcano erupts and kills all of the frogs on an island,along with many other species.New frogs colonize the island and begin reproducing rapidly because there are no longer any frog predators.

Question 21

The function of BMP4 is to ____________ while the function of gremlin is to __________ BMP4.

A)cause apoptosis;inhibit the function of
B)induce mitosis;amplify expression of
C)inhibit growth;amplify expression of
D)induce mitosis;inhibit the function of
E)cause apoptosis;act as a catalyst for

Question 22

Sympatric speciation differs from allopatric speciation because in sympatric speciation

A)a population becomes geographically isolated.
B)two populations of the same species merge to form a single population.
C)polyploidy must first arise.
D)hybrid zones form.
E)there are no physcial barriers against interbreeding.

Question 23

To prepare for a hiking trip in the Appalachian mountains,you buy several field guides for the region from a used bookstore.You notice that the older guides list a single species of tiger swallowtail butterfly,Papilio glaucus,and an Appalachian morph of this species.However,the newest guide list two separate species,P.glaucus and P.appalachiensis.The authors of this guide state that the biological species concept was used in determining their classifications.What do you think led them to list two separate species of tiger swallowtail?

A)The discovery that P.glaucus and P.appalachiensis interbreed in the wild.
B)The discovery that P.glaucus and P.appalachiensis have a genomic similarity of 99%.
C)The discovery that P.glaucus and P.appalachiensis do not interbreed in the wild.
D)The discovery that P.glaucus and P.appalachiensis have distinct differences in wing coloration.
E)The discovery that P.glaucus and P.appalachiensis feed on different host plants.

Question 24

Based on the figure below,what statement could you make about the development of human versus chimpanzee skulls.

A)The human and chimp skulls develop similarly until adulthood,when human jaw development slows down relative to the chimpanzee.
B)The human and chimp skulls develop similarly until the infant stage,when human jaw development slows down relative to the chimpanzee.
C)The human and chimp skulls develop similarly until the infant stage,when human cranium development slows down relative to the chimpanzee.
D)The human and chimp skulls develop similarly during the fetal stage,after which point chimpanzee cranium growth outpaces humans.

Question 25

You discover a new species of lily that has 10 chromosomes (2n=10).Genetic testing reveals that it arose from the interbreeding of two other species of lilies,one of which has 12 chromosomes (2n=12),and one of which has 8 chromosomes (2n=8).What is the correct term for the new lily species?

A)autopolyploid
B)allopolyploid
C)allodiploid
D)allotetrapoloid

Question 26

A tick population in a rural,wooded area uses deer as its primary host species.Eventually,humans begin to move into the area,bringing their pets along with them.Certain individuals within the tick population start to use dogs as their primary hosts,and eventually start to prefer dogs over deer.Other individuals continue to use deer for their primary host.Could this difference in host preference lead to speciation? Why or why not? Select all that aplly.
__X__ Yes,because temporal isolation could occur due to differences in host quality.
_____ No,because the ticks inhabit the same region and therefore experience the same mechanisms of evolution.
__X__ Yes,because the ticks' host preference may be inherited,leading to an accumulation of genetic differences between ticks that use deer and ticks that use dogs.
_____ No,because one of the hosts will lead to higher fitness and the ticks that prefer the other host will be eradicated.
_____ No,because speciation cannot occur without geographic separation.

Question 27

Your senior thesis project involves working out the taxonomy of Florida skinks.To accomplish this,you examine skink specimens for morphological differences,compare nucleotide and amino acid sequences,and observe the skinks' reproductive behavior and habitat types.Once you have completed the taxonomy and written the thesis,you give it to your professor for comments.She tells you that you did a great job and should try to get your work published! However,she suggests you indicate in the introduction what species concept you used to make your classifications.What statement would you add?

A)Taxonomic determinations were made based on the ecological species concept.
B)Taxonomic determinations were made based on the biological species concept.
C)Taxonomic determinations were made based on the evolutionary lineage species concept.
D)Taxonomic determinations were made based on the general lineage species concept.

Question 28

In comparing the development of the unwebbed foot of the chicken and webbed foot of a duck,what differences are there in the expression of
BMP4 and gremiln?

A)Chicken feet only express BMP4 while duck feet only express gremiln.
B)BMP4 is expressed similarly in both chicken and duck feet,while gremlin is only expressed in duck feet.
C)Gremlin is expressed similarly in both chicken and duck feet,while BMP4 is only expressed in between chicken digits.
D)Both BMP4 and gremlin are expressed similarly in chicken and duck feet.
E)BMP4 is expressed similarly in both chicken and duck feet,while gremlin is not expressed between the digits of chicken feet.

Question 29

Approximately 3.5 million years ago the Isthmus of Panama formed.This new landmass severed the connection between the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.An ancestral fish population (porkfish)was split in two by this event;the two populations no longer interbreed and are two distinct species.This type of speciation is called

A)allopatric speciation.
B)parapatric speciation.
C)hybridization.
D)sympatric speciation.
E)sexual selection due to ecological variation.

Question 30

Two species of three-spined stickleback fish live in a single lake in British Columbia.They are closely related but occupy different niches.They exist nowhere else.These species most likely arose by sympatric speciation from a single species of three-spined stickleback.

Question 31

What field of biology compares the development of organisms in order to better understand mechanisms of evolutionary change?

A)Pattern formation.
B)Embryology.
C)Cell biology.
D)Evolutionary developmental biology.
E)Darwinism.

Question 32

The phenomenon in which one region of the body grows faster than another among different species is called

A)pattern formation.
B)apoptosis.
C)cell migration.
D)phenotypic variation.
E)heterochrony.

Question 33

A population of mountain goats are split because of the formation of a glacier.After 500 years the glacier melts and the two goat populations are free to move between the two areas.Under what conditions might the populations be able to occasionally interbreed?

A)Both pre- and post-zygotic isolating mechanisms have arisen.
B)Reproductive isolation is incomplete.
C)Pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms have arisen.
D)Post-zygotic isolating mechanisms have arisen.
E)Gene flow between the two populations does not occur.

Question 34

How would you best explain the relationship between number of Hox genes and animal body complexity?

A)Different Hox genes are expressed in different regions of the body.
B)Hox genes have duplicated several times during animal evolution,but they are not responsible for an increase in body plan complexity.
C)An increase in the number of Hox genes allows for greater specialization in different body regions.
D)An increase in the number of Hox genes meant that fewer regulatory genes could be controlled in a species.
E)As the number of Hox genes increases,the number of genes encoding proteins for appendage development decreases.

Question 35

Which gene is correctly matched with its evolutionary significance?

A)The Hox genes - evolution of body plans.
B)The BMP4 gene - evolution of lungs.
C)The gremlin gene - evolution mating songs.
D)The Hox genes - development of skull shape.
E)The BMP4 gene - evolution of polyploidy.