Deck 14: Organellar Inheritance

Question 1

Which of the following statements is correct with respect to mitochondrial genes?

A)They are transmitted, largely intact, from parent to offspring.
B)Their inheritance shows Mendel's principle of segregation.
C)Their inheritance shows Mendel's principle of independent assortment.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 1

They are transmitted, largely intact, from parent to offspring.

Question 2

Which type of DNA sequences might be studied to help determine the identity of a particular variety of a cultivated crop?

A)mtDNA sequences
B)cpDNA sequences
C)Y-chromosome sequences
D)highly conserved nuclear sequences

Answer 2

cpDNA sequences

Question 3

When eukaryotic cells are stained with DNA-specific dyes and viewed under the light microscope, DNA molecules are revealed in

A)the nucleus.
B)the matrix of the mitochondrion.
C)the stroma of chloroplasts.
D)all these places: nucleus, mitochondrion, and chloroplast.

Answer 3

all these places: nucleus, mitochondrion, and chloroplast.

Question 4

Match each term with the correct description.


-Encoded by chloroplast gene

A) leaf variegation
B) petite colonies
C) Rubisco LSU
D) Rubisco SSU

Question 5

The codon UGA specifies

A)"stop" in the "universal" genetic code.
B)the amino acid tryptophan in human mtDNA.
C)formyl-methionine in mtDNA.
D)both "stop" in the "universal" genetic code and the amino acid tryptophan in human mtDNA.

Question 6

Inhibitors of bacterial translation, such as chloramphenicol and erythromycin, generally

A)are inhibitors of eukaryotic cytoplasmic protein synthesis.
B)are inhibitors of mitochondrial protein synthesis.
C)have no effect on mitochondrial protein synthesis.
D)are inhibitors of eukaryotic cytoplasmic protein synthesis and have no effect on mitochondrial protein synthesis.

Question 7

A homoplasmic cell carries

A)a mixture of organelle genomes.
B)only one type of organelle DNA.
C)only one mitochondrion.
D)two identical nuclei.

Question 8

Which of the following has been associated with aging in humans?

A)Increase in the number of mitochondria
B)No change in the sequence of the mitochondrial genomes
C)Decrease in mitochondrail function.
D)Increase in mitochondrial function.

Question 9

Extranuclear genes show a biparental inheritance patter in yeast since

A)progeny from diploid vegitative growth can have the phenotype of the dominant phenotype.
B)progeny from diploid vegitative growth can have the phenotype of the $\alpha$ parent.
C)progeny from diploid vegitative growth can have the phenotype of only the a parent.
D)progeny from diploid vegitative growth can have the phenotype of either the a or the $\alpha$ parent.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT accurate with regard to organelle genomes?

A)mtDNA and cpDNA are usually organized into nucleosomes by histones.
B)Mitochondrial translation is often inhibited by bacterial antibiotics (e.g., chloramphenicol).
C)Like bacteria, mitochondria use N-formyl methionine and tRNA^fmet in translation.
D)The sizes of chloroplast and mitochondrail genomes can vary in size.

Question 11

The molecules used in a chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis:

A)are all encoded by chloroplast DNA.
B)some are encoded by chloroplast DNA, others by nuclear DNA.
C)are all encoded by nuclear DNA.
D)some are encoded in nuclear DNA and some in mitochondrial DNA.

Question 12

Molecular evidence suggests that DNA sequences may have been transferred between

A)mtDNA and nuclear DNA.
B)cpDNA and mtDNA.
C)different cpDNA molecules.
D)Evidence suggests all of the above have occurred.

Question 13

Maternal-chloroplast inherited

Question 14

With traits showing maternal inheritance, such as leaf variegation in four o'clocks, reciprocal crosses usually

A)yield the same results.
B)yield different results.
C)yield results that can seldom be predicted.
D)eliminate the need for sexual reproduction.

Question 15

Which of the following has been associated with Alzheimer's Disease?

A)loss of mitochondria
B)5kb and 7.4kb deletions in mtDNA of heart cells
C)mutations in cytochrome oxidase c genes in brain cells
D)No change in mitochondrial functiont.

Question 16

cpDNA-encoded proteins include

A)RNA polymerase.
B)RNA polymerase and translation factors.
C)RNA polymerase, translation factors, and ribosomal proteins.
D)NADH dehydrogenase

Question 17

Which type of DNA sequences might be studied to help reunite displaced children with their families?

A)mtDNA sequences
B)cpDNA sequences
C)Y-chromosome sequences
D)highly conserved nuclear sequences

Question 18

Variegated four o'clock leaves have white patches among the green areas due to

A)an mtDNA mutation, which blocks electron transport.
B)a cpDNA mutation, which incapacitates proteins essential for photosynthesis.
C)a nuclear DNA mutation, which leads to mosaicism.
D)both cpDNA mutation which incapacitates proteins essential for photosynthesis and nuclear DNA mutation, which leads to mosaicism.

Question 19

A researcher hopes that a plant cell, after being shot with a gene gun, will

A)die.
B)incorporate foreign DNA into its nucleus.
C)mutate to a new genotype.
D)show uniparental inheritance.

Question 20

Match each term with the correct description.


-Encoded by nuclear gene

A) leaf variegation
B) petite colonies
C) Rubisco LSU
D) Rubisco SSU

Question 21

What reaction occurs in the inner matrix of mitochondria?

A)Kreb's cycle
B)Electrons are pumped into the inner matrix to create an electrochemical gradient.
C)NADH is reduced to produce pyruvate.
D)FADH₂ is reduced to produce pyruvate.

Question 22

Oocyte transfer could be used to

A)allow women with mitochondrial diseases to have normal offspring.
B)allow women with any genetic disease to have normal offspring.
C)enhance the ability of parents to improve the gene content of their children.
D)creation of embryos for stem cell therapy.

Question 23

What would be the prediction if nucleii but no cytoplasm was exchanged between the cells of two species that were not closley related?

A)Mitochondria would cease functioning after a period of time.
B)Mitochondria would continue to function normally for several generations.
C)Accelerated gene transfer would occur between the nuclear and mitochondrail genomes.
D)Gene transfer between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes would be suppressed.

Question 24

Match each term with the correct description.


-Due to mitochondrial mutation

A) leaf variegation
B) petite colonies
C) Rubisco LSU
D) Rubisco SSU

Question 25

According to the endosymbiont theory

A)mitochondria are evolved from non-sulfer purple bacteria and chloroplasts are evolved from cyanobacteria.
B)mitochondria are evolved from cyanobacteria bacteria and chloroplasts are evolved from non-sulfer purple.
C)mitochondria and chloroplasts can exist independently of cells.
D)mitochondria and chloroplasts are evolved from other proto-eukaryotic cells.

Question 26

Individuals that are heteroplasmic

A)can have a disease if the mutations in the mitochondria are severe enough.
B)cannot exhibit any symptoms as the the normal mitochondria are present.
C)will not have children that are heteroplasmic.
D)will not have cells that are homoplasmic.

Question 27

Comparison of mitochondrial RNA with the genome sequence of mitochondria demonstrated that

A)at least some of the RNA had insertions and deletions of uracil residues
B)there are no differences in the sequences of the RNA compared to the genomic DNA from which it was transcribed.
C)the proteins necessary for translation are coded for in the mitochondrial genome.
D)translation is initiated in mitochondria using only the AUG codon.

Question 28

Due to gene transfer between the organelles and the nucleus

A)some organelles may only survive in the cells in which they have transfered genes.
B)organelle genomes are the same between species
C)none of the genes that have been transfered are essential for organelle functioning.
D)organelle genomes experience lower rates of mutation.

Question 29

What are characteristics of the pedigrees of families with mitochondrial diseases?

A)All children of affected mothers are also affected irregardles of gender.
B)Only the male children of affected mothers are affected, female children are not affected.
C)Only female children of affected mothers are also affectedmales are not afected.
D)All children of affected males are also affected.