Deck 7: Cognition: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language

Question 1

What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of everything that is going on around us?

A)consciousness
B)creativity
C)intelligence
D)self-awareness

Answer 1

consciousness

Question 2

Sleep spindles appear during ______ sleep.

A)Stage One
B)REM
C)Stage Two
D)Stage Four

Answer 2

Stage Two

Question 3

All of the following result from sleep deprivation EXCEPT:

A)droopy eyelids.
B)irritability.
C)hyper-alertness.
D)cognitive impairment.

Answer 3

hyper-alertness.

Question 4

Al goes out one frosty morning to find that his car is covered with a thick layer of frost.He needs to get to work and looks for his ice scraper.Unable to find it,he thinks a moment,reaches into his pocket and takes out a credit card from his wallet.In using the credit card as a makeshift ice scraper,Al has overcome:

A)functional fixedness.
B)confirmation bias.
C)creativity bias.
D)confirmation fixedness.

Question 5

Which is NOT one of the three components of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking?

A)Verbal TTCT
B)Fluency TTCT
C)Thinking Creatively with Pictures
D)Figural TTCT

Question 6

A "rule of thumb" is another name for a:

A)heuristic.
B)algorithm.
C)trial-and-error solution.
D)means-end analysis.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding sleepwalking?

A)Most sleepwalkers walk zombielike,with arms outstretched.
B)Sleepwalking episodes decline in young adulthood to middle age but resume in older age due to REM sleep loss.
C)Sleepwalking activities can range from mild to extreme,including rape and murder.
D)Heredity and gender are contributing factors,with more females than males being identified with the disorder.

Question 8

The key to hypnotic induction seems to be related to:

A)the gender of the person doing the hypnotizing.
B)the education of the subjects.
C)the state of suggestibility.
D)the age of the subject.

Question 9

Mescaline comes from:

A)weeds.
B)cactus buttons.
C)the poppy plant.
D)mushrooms.

Question 10

Morphine and heroin duplicate the action of:

A)endorphins.
B)alcohol.
C)a sexual climax.
D)an out-of-body experience.

Question 11

Mental images:

A)represent abstract ideas.
B)have a picturelike quality.
C)consist entirely of unconscious information.
D)are always prototypes.

Question 12

Randall believes that aliens crashed in Western Canada in the 1950s.When looking for information about this on the internet,he ignores any sites that are skeptical of his belief and visits only sites that support his belief.This is an example of:

A)functional fixedness.
B)confirmation bias.
C)creativity bias.
D)confirmation fixedness.

Question 13

When a problem is seen as having only one answer,with all lines of thinking leading to that answer,this is known as _______ thinking.

A)divergent
B)creative
C)convergent
D)mental set

Question 14

Each of the following is a sleep disorder EXCEPT:

A)narcolepsy.
B)REM rebound.
C)insomnia.
D)night terrors.

Question 15

Knowing that the definition of psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes is an example of a:

A)prototypical concept.
B)natural concept.
C)formal concept.
D)mental image.

Question 16

A sleep disorder that may require the use of a machine to force air gently into the nasal passages is called:

A)sleep apnea.
B)insomnia.
C)narcolepsy.
D)cataplexy.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about creative people is TRUE?

A)They are not very good at mental imagery.
B)They are not afraid to be different.
C)They value their dependence on others.
D)They are often very conventional in their work.

Question 18

What type of problem-solving strategy would be best to use when solving a problem in algebra class?

A)heuristic
B)algorithm
C)trial-and-error solution
D)means-end analysis

Question 19

Zachary has been taking Ritalin for his ADHD but finds it is not helping with his symptoms as much as it used to.His doctor suggests changing the dosage.Zackary is likely experiencing drug:

A)tolerance.
B)detoxification.
C)withdrawal.
D)dependence.

Question 20

Miguel was struggling with the answer to one of the questions on his psychology midterm.Seeing that the answer was not going to come easily,he went on to answer some of the other easier questions.Then,suddenly,the answer to the problematic question just seemed to "pop" into his head.Miguel's experience is an example of:

A)means-end analysis.
B)a heuristic.
C)an algorithm.
D)insight.

Question 21

The sounds of the letters b,z,c,and d are examples of:

A)morphemes.
B)phonemes.
C)semantics.
D)syntax.

Question 22

Which of the following was NOT one of the errors of the authors of The Bell Curve?

A)They assumed that IQ tests are good measures of intelligence.
B)They found a correlation between race and IQ,not race and intelligence.
C)They assumed that intelligence was heavily influenced by genetics.
D)They assumed that heritability applied only to differences within groups of people.

Question 23

Emotional intelligence has been found to be ________ to academic success in college or university; grades in high school have been found to be ________ to academic success in college or university.

A)related; unrelated
B)related; related
C)unrelated; unrelated
D)unrelated; related

Question 24

The four components of the MSCEIT include:

A) Identify, Strategize, Manipulate, and Manage.
B) Identify, Use, Understand, and Manage.
C) Use, Think, Manipulate, and Apply.
D) Apply, Think, Manage, and Manipulate.

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT part of the definition of emotional intelligence?

A)ability to manage one's emotions
B)ability to feel what others feel
C)being socially skilled
D)succeeding at practical tasks

Question 26

Researchers have determined that the estimated heritability for intelligence is about ______ percent.

A)75
B)25
C)50
D)100

Question 27

The system of rules for combining words and phrases to make meaningful sentences is called:

A)grammar.
B)phonics.
C)syntax.
D)morphology.

Question 28

Professor Beckett designed an IQ test.To standardize this test,the professor should be careful to do which of the following?

A)Use only a small sample to prevent possible cheating on the test.
B)Select the people in the sample from the population of people for whom the test is designed.
C)Select only university professors to take the test so that they can critique the questions on the test.
D)Test each member of the sample under different conditions.

Question 29

In Gardner's view,astronauts,navigators,and artists would be high in __________ intelligence.

A)verbal/linguistic
B)visual/spatial
C)interpersonal
D)intrapersonal

Question 30

__________ would be the problem in a test that provides a consistent score for some people each time it is administered but yields different scores for other people.

A)Reliability
B)Validity
C)Standardization
D)Normalization

Question 31

According to Laurel Trainor,music training could lead to improvements in:

A)literacy.
B)memory.
C)IQ.
D)all of the above

Question 32

Using the Stanford-Binet IQ formula,what IQ would a person have whose mental age is 10 and whose chronological age is 15?

A)150
B)1)50
C)0)67
D)67

Question 33

Grammar includes all but which of the following aspects of language?

A)tone
B)sounds
C)order
D)meaning

Question 34

The main difference between the AI programs Deep Blue and Deep Junior is that Deep Blue used __________ whereas Deep Junior was programmed to use __________.

A)algorithms; heuristics
B)heuristics; rules of thumb
C)heuristics; algorithms
D)algorithm; rules of thumb

Question 35

According to Spearman,a traditional IQ test would most likely measure _______ intelligence.

A)practical
B)specific
C)general
D)emotional

Question 36

A male with a mild intellectual disability that becomes more severe as he ages probably suffers from:

A)Down syndrome.
B)fetal alcohol syndrome.
C)hydrocephaly.
D)fragile X syndrome.

Question 37

Sternberg has found that __________ intelligence is a good predictor of success in life but has a low relationship to ________ intelligence.

A)practical; academic
B)practical; creative
C)academic; practical
D)academic; creative

Question 38

Jarod is 35 years old,but his mind has never gone beyond the level of a grade 2 child.Jarod would be classified as having a ______ intellectual disability.

A)mild
B)moderate
C)severe
D)profound

Question 39

Which of the following statements about the successful "Termites" in the Terman and Oden (1959)study is FALSE?

A)The successful men earned more money.
B)The successful men were more likely to be divorced.
C)The unsuccessful men were less healthy.
D)The unsuccessful men held jobs of lower prestige.

Question 40

Elizabeth was tested while in grade school and was found to have an IQ of 134.Elizabeth's intelligence level can be labelled as:

A)average.
B)somewhat above normal.
C)gifted.
D)genius.

Question 41

The quality of language produced by animals cannot yet compare to the level achieved by a __________-year-old human.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)5

Question 42

PET scans have demonstrated that mental images:

A)are stored in different areas of the brain in men and women.
B)are not actually "pictures" but rather groupings of ideas and descriptive words about the object,event or person.
C)are created when areas of the brain associated with stored knowledge send information to the visual cortex.
D)the information goes from the eyes to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe and is processed,or interpreted,by other areas of the cortex

Question 43

Concepts are ideas that represent:

A)a class or category of objects,events,or activities.
B)mental images of ideas,words,and events.
C)ideas formed as a result of our experiences in the world.
D)theories and thoughts about the world.

Question 44

You cannot remember where you left your car keys.You think back to where you have been and mentally retrace your steps.You are using _________ to find your keys.

A)mental images
B)formal concepts
C)a prototype
D)insight

Question 45

Which word would be considered the best prototype for the concept "vehicle"?

A)noun
B)car
C)conveyance
D)object

Question 46

People who live in the Mediterranean might include _____ as a fruit prototype.

A)bananas
B)mangos
C)pineapples
D)olives

Question 47

Mental images:

A)represent living things only.
B)have a picturelike quality.
C)represent events only.
D)operate at the unconscious level.

Question 48

Don tells Ray he wants to get a new sports car.Ray immediately understands why because he is familiar with the common characteristics of sports cars and knows what makes them different from family cars.Ray is using the mental representation called:

A)classes.
B)concepts.
C)attributes.
D)models.

Question 49

Based on research across cultures,English-speaking Canadians living in Nova Scotia and French-speaking Canadians living in Montreal would demonstrate:

A)less differences and variations in prototypes than between Canada and the United States.
B)significantly different understandings and variation in prototype based on language.
C)more difference than between French-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Louisiana Cajun Americans.
D)less differences and variations in prototypes than between Canada and Taiwan.

Question 50

What are mental categories representing activities,objects,qualities,or situations that share some common characteristics?

A)classes
B)concepts
C)attributes
D)images

Question 51

Sally is enrolled in a high school geometry course,which she describes as "drawing figures and figuring drawings." In a typical class,students draw geometric figures and use a formula to calculate an aspect of the figure such as its area.Each time Sally uses a formula she is making use of what psychologists call:

A)heuristics.
B)mathematics.
C)algorithms.
D)mechanical solutions.

Question 52

Cognition is a synonym for:

A)perception.
B)thinking.
C)learning.
D)intelligence.

Question 53

What systematic problem-solving method guarantees a solution,provided that one exists?

A)heuristic method
B)algorithmic method
C)the mechanical solution method
D)the step-by-step method

Question 54

The mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and conveying information to others is known as:

A)selective attention.
B)communication.
C)processing.
D)thinking.

Question 55

Which disorder is not identified as one of the three most common biological causes of intellectual disability?

A)autism
B)fragile X syndrome
C)Down syndrome
D)fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 56

When people are asked to answer how many windows they have in their home,they are most likely to use _______ to calculate the number of windows.

A)an estimate or approximate number
B)window size in descending order,(largest to smallest)
C)bottom up processing,basement to attic,
D)mental images and a mental "walk through" of their home

Question 57

Natural concepts could best be described as:

A)concepts that are defined by specific rules or features.
B)concepts that have a picturelike quality to them.
C)concepts people form as a result of their experiences in the world.
D)attempts to understand information and communicate information to others.

Question 58

The Dani have only two words for colour yet can distinguish between many different colours.This finding supports the language theory of:

A)Sapir and Whorf.
B)Lucy and Shweder.
C)Pullum.
D)Rosch-Heider.

Question 59

The trial-and-error method of solving problems is also known as the__________ method.

A)heuristic
B)algorithm
C)mechanical solution
D)step-by-step

Question 60

Researchers have found that it takes longer to view a mental image that:

A)is larger or covers more distance than a more compact one.
B)has unfamiliar items in it.
C)has multiple items in it such as the number of windows in your home.
D)contains living things as compared to nonliving items.

Question 61

A loose screw on the visor causes the visor to drop down while Ben drives; however,he keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it.When he notices the visor drop again,he reaches into his pocket for a dime he uses to tighten the screw holding the visor.What problem-solving difficulty did Ben overcome?

A)convergent thinking
B)functional fixedness
C)confirmation bias
D)the rule of thumb heuristic

Question 62

Which type of thinking is most closely related to creativity?

A)heuristic
B)divergent
C)insightful
D)convergent

Question 63

In problem solving,the term rule of thumb refers to:

A)heuristics.
B)algorithms.
C)mechanical solutions.
D)"best" way methods.

Question 64

Seventy percent of the students in a classroom are women and 30 percent are men.One student is described as ambitious,athletic,and assertive.Why would most people think this description refers to a male student?

A)They are using the availability heuristic.
B)They are using the representativeness heuristic.
C)They are using a means-end analysis.
D)They are demonstrating functional fixedness

Question 65

Kohler demonstrated the existence of "Aha!" or insight behaviour with:

A)birds.
B)dogs.
C)cats.
D)chimps.

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of creative people?

A)They usually have a broad range of knowledge about a lot of subjects and are good at using mental imagery.
B)They are often unconventional in their work but not in other aspects of their lives.
C)They aren't afraid to be different,are more open to new experiences than many people,and tend to have more vivid dreams and daydreams than others do.
D)They are a little different from the average person and would be described as eccentric.

Question 67

The ability to produce solutions to problems that are unusual,inventive,novel,and appropriate is called:

A)creativity.
B)insight.
C)divergent thinking.
D)convergent thinking.

Question 68

Miguel was struggling with the answer to one of the questions on his psychology midterm.Seeing that the answer was not going to come easily,he went on to answer some of the other,easier questions.Then,suddenly,in a flash,the answer to the problematic question just seemed to "pop" into his head.Miguel's experience is an example of:

A)a means-end analysis.
B)creativity.
C)divergent thinking.
D)insight.

Question 69

Randall believes that aliens crashed in Western Canada in the 1950s.When looking for information about this on the internet,he ignores any sites that are skeptical of his belief and only visits and talks with his friends about the sites that support his belief.This is an example of:

A)mental set.
B)confirmation bias.
C)functional fixedness.
D)divergent thinking.

Question 70

Divergent thinking can best be described as:

A)thinking where a problem is seen as having only one answer and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer if the problem solver users previous knowledge and logic.
B)the process of solving problems by combining ideas or behaviour in new ways.
C)the tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past.
D)a type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point.

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking?

A)Brainstorming TTCT
B)Verbal TTCT
C)Thinking Creatively with Pictures TTCT
D)Figural TTCT

Question 72

A person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point.The person is engaging in ______ thinking.

A)functional
B)expansive
C)convergent
D)divergent

Question 73

Which of the following questions would be more likely to produce divergent thinking?

A)"What is a stapler?"
B)"How do you spell stapler?"
C)"How many uses can you think of for a stapler?"
D)"What does a stapler look like?"

Question 74

The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called:

A)mental set.
B)rule of thumb heuristic.
C)functional fixedness.
D)convergent thinking.

Question 75

___________ thinking works pretty well for routine problem solving but may be of little use when a more creative solution is needed.

A)Heuristic
B)Divergent
C)Insightful
D)Convergent

Question 76

What problem-solving strategies don't guarantee solutions but make efficient use of time?

A)heuristics
B)algorithms
C)mechanical solutions
D)"best" way methods

Question 77

In a heuristic called ___________,a person determines the difference between the current situation and the goal and then tries to reduce that difference by various methods.

A)means-end analysis
B)availability heuristic
C)representative heuristic
D)rule of thumb

Question 78

In the _________ component of the TTCT,participants are presented with a situation and given the opportunity to ask questions and to "just suppose."

A)Figural
B)Verbal
C)Divergent Thinking
D)Thinking Creatively with Pictures

Question 79

If you were assessing fluency,originality,elaboration,abstractness of titles,and resistance to closure,you would be using the __________ component of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking.

A)Figural
B)Verbal
C)S Factor
D)Thinking Creatively with Pictures

Question 80

What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it?

A)confirmation bias
B)convergent thinking
C)functional fixedness
D)representativeness heuristic