Deck 5: Learners With Intellectual Disabilities

Question 1

Claudia is a third grader with intellectual disabilities.She has thick epicanthal folds in the corner of her eyes,small stature,decreased muscle tone,speckling of the iris of the eye,a small oral cavity,and short,broad hands with a single palmar crease.These characteristics are typical of

A)cultural-familial intellectual disability.
B)Down syndrome.
C)fetal alcohol syndrome.
D)Fragile X syndrome.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Professionals have become more cautious in diagnosing intellectual disabilities for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A)the stigma associated with an intellectual disability.
B)the belief that intellectual disabilities is a socially constructed condition.
C)overdiagnosis of children from ethnic minority groups.
D)increasing costs associated with special education.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In the United States,groups that were historically misdiagnosed as intellectually disabled include

A)students with behaviour problems.
B)students with learning disabilities.
C)students from ethnic minorities.
D)students with depression.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR)uses a classification scheme for individuals with intellectual disabilities according to

A)IQ score.
B)adaptive level.
C)intensity of support needed.
D)estimate of educability.

Question 5

Each of the following is an example of 'natural supports' EXCEPT

A)oneself.
B)family members.
C)friends.
D)teachers.

Question 6

Jose has intellectual disabilities.As an infant,he was lethargic and had difficulty eating;however,at about one year of age he became obsessed with food.This is characteristic of

A)Down syndrome.
B)Williams syndrome.
C)Fragile X syndrome
D)Prader-Willi syndrome.

Question 7

In recent years,the percentage of cases in which the cause of intellectual disabilities is known has dramatically increased due to

A)better assessment practices by teachers.
B)the mapping of the human genetic code.
C)better assessment practices by medical doctors.
D)advances in microscopic technology.

Question 8

Improvements in the lives of individuals with intellectual disabilities are attributed by the authors to all of the following EXCEPT

A)increased respect of the involvement of individuals with intellectual disabilities in making decisions.
B)intensive instruction from special educators and other professionals.
C)the increased use of natural supports.
D)increased recognition of the need for individuals with intellectual disabilities to be protected.

Question 9

Fragile X syndrome occurs most often in

A)females.
B)twins.
C)first-born offspring.
D)males.

Question 10

The likelihood of having a child with Down syndrome depends to a great extent on

A)the age of the mother.
B)alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
C)a family history of intellectual disabilities.
D)blood type.

Question 11

A common way to categorize causes of intellectual disabilities is to consider the

A)part of the brain affected.
B)location at which the cause occurs.
C)severity of the condition.
D)time at which the cause occurs.

Question 12

The condition that results from deletion of material in the seventh pair of chromosomes and often results in intellectual disabilities,heart defects,and elfin facial features is

A)Down syndrome.
B)Williams syndrome.
C)Fragile X syndrome.
D)Prader-Wili syndrome.

Question 13

The most common known hereditary cause of intellectual disabilities is

A)Fragile X syndrome.
B)Down syndrome.
C)Williams syndrome.
D)Prader-Willi syndrome.

Question 14

The current emphasis on adaptive skills in defining intellectual disabilities is due to the

A)influence of the learning disabilities movement.
B)realization that students can be "streetwise" despite low IQ test scores.
C)rise of the disability rights movement.
D)activism of parents of children with intellectual disabilities.

Question 15

Current estimates place the prevalence of students identified with intellectual disabilities at approximately

A)about 1%.
B)about 5%.
C)about 2.5%.
D)about 3.5%.

Question 16

According to the hypothetical "normal curve," approximately what percentage of the population is expected to have intellectual disabilities?

A)less than 1%
B)1.27%
C)2.27%
D)5.27%

Question 17

Examples of social adaptive skills include all of the following EXCEPT

A)responsibility.
B)interpersonal.
C)obeys laws.
D)receptive language.

Question 18

Which one of the following statements about intellectual disabilities is true?

A)Designating someone as 'intellectually disabled' has become easier.
B)Professionals are in agreement that the label "mental retardation" should be done away with.
C)The prevailing opinions is that the functioning of virtually all people with intellectual disabilities can be improved.
D)How well a person functions has not been shown to be related to supports available in the environment.

Question 19

Most individuals with Down syndrome have intellectual disabilities that are

A)in the mild range.
B)in the moderate range.
C)in the severe range.
D)in the extremely severe range.

Question 20

The functioning of individuals with intellectual disabilities can be improved

A)only if they are able to learn to read.
B)if they receive sufficient environmental support.
C)if they are willing to exert enough effort.
D)if their genetic makeup allows them to improve.

Question 21

Which one of the following statements about intelligence tests is TRUE?

A)An individual's IQ score does not change from one testing to another.
B)All IQ tests are culturally biased to a certain extent.
C)The older the child,the less validity and reliability the test has.
D)IQ tests are ideal for assessing a person's ability to function in society.

Question 22

Hospitals routinely screen for this before babies leave the hospital:

A)Fragile X syndrome.
B)phenylketonuria.
C)Down syndrome.
D)hydrocephalus.

Question 23

How is adaptive behaviour typically assessed?

A)A psychologist observes the student in the classroom.
B)The student is asked to perform a series of tasks.
C)A parent,teacher,or professional answers questions related to the student's behaviour.
D)The teacher fills out a behaviour rating form.

Question 24

A specific and characteristic behaviour repertoire associated with a genetic or chromosomal disorder is a

A)genetic syndrome.
B)personality characteristic.
C)behavioural phenotype.
D)behavioural genotype.

Question 25

The ability to keep information in mind while simultaneously doing another task is

A)working memory.
B)short-term memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)active memory.

Question 26

One of the toxins that has been linked to intellectual disabilities is

A)copper.
B)lead.
C)sulfur.
D)aluminum.

Question 27

A person's awareness of what strategies are needed to perform a task,the ability to plan how to use the strategies,and the evaluation of how well the strategies are working is

A)metacognition.
B)self-regulation.
C)working memory.
D)perception.

Question 28

Joe,a 12 year-old boy,performs about as well on an intelligence test as an average six year-old.His IQ is about

A)25.
B)50.
C)60.
D)90.

Question 29

Most authorities now hold that the critical determinants of intelligence are both

A)nature and genetics.
B)nurture and experience.
C)nature and experience.
D)genetics and intelligence.

Question 30

A belief that one has little control over what happens to one and that one is primarily controlled by other people and events is

A)self-regulation.
B)learned-helplessness.
C)locus of control.
D)self-realization.

Question 31

Fetal alcohol syndrome is classified as resulting from a/an

A)environmental hazard.
B)infection.
C)genetic factor.
D)chromosomal abnormality.

Question 32

An infection of the covering of the brain that may be caused by a variety of bacterial and viral agents is

A)syphilis.
B)encephalitis.
C)meningitis.
D)TBI.

Question 33

Each of the following are possible perinatal causes of intellectual disabilities EXCEPT

A)rubella.
B)syphilis.
C)anoxia.
D)low birth weight.

Question 34

Research has documented key areas related to cognition in which children with intellectual disabilities are likely to have difficulties.They include all of the following EXCEPT

A)self-regulation.
B)attention.
C)visual perception.
D)language development.

Question 35

Joe feels like no matter how hard he tries,he will always fail at tasks.This belief that he has little control over what happens to him is called

A)anti-motivation.
B)self-determination.
C)inherent helplessness.
D)learned helplessness.

Question 36

Jessica might struggle to calculate the correct amount to tip at a restaurant because of her deficits in

A)working memory.
B)metacognition.
C)self-regulation.
D)language.

Question 37

Which one of the following is the best example of a skill area that would be included on an adaptive behaviour measure?

A)logical reasoning
B)visual perception
C)daily living
D)spatial orientation

Question 38

Each of the following is true of psychosocial postnatal causes of intellectual disabilities EXCEPT

A)children raised in poor environmental circumstances are at risk for intellectual disabilities.
B)inadequate exposure to stimulating adult-child interactions can lead to intellectual disabilities.
C)heredity does play a role in intellectual disabilities.
D)a person's intelligence is primarily a result of heredity rather than environment.

Question 39

The validity of an IQ test refers to it's

A)ability to measure adaptive skills.
B)ability to improve intellectual functioning.
C)ability to measure what it's supposed to measure.
D)ability to provide direction for educational programming.

Question 40

intellectual disability that occurs at the time of birth is

A)prenatal MR.
B)perinatal MR.
C)postnatal MR.
D)antenatal MR.

Question 41

Using instructional prompts,consequences for performance,and strategies for transfer of stimulus control is called

A)community-based instruction.
B)functional instruction.
C)functional academics.
D)systematic instruction.

Question 42

Kate needs to make her lunch for school the next day but has difficulty identifying what steps to follow to complete this goal.This is an example of a deficit in

A)self-realization.
B)metacognition.
C)self-regulation.
D)visual perception.

Question 43

Chris has difficulties controlling his temper when he has to wait his turn at the basketball net.This is an example of a deficit in

A)working memory.
B)self-determination.
C)self-regulation.
D)adaptive skills.

Question 44

According to the authors,virtually all special educators agree that full-time placement in a self-contained program with no opportunity for interaction with students without exceptionalities is

A)necessary to achieve academic gains.
B)necessary only for students with severe or profound retardation.
C)often the least restrictive environment regardless of the level of retardation.
D)not an appropriate method of service delivery.

Question 45

An increasingly common placement for students with all levels of intellectual disability is

A)a regular classroom.
B)a special class.
C)a special day school.
D)a residential setting.

Question 46

George has a measured IQ of 55 with weaknesses in reading,writing,math,and spatial ability;however,he has remarkable strengths in narrative skills and is often asked to tell stories in class.His abilities are characteristic of

A)Down syndrome.
B)Fragile X syndrome.
C)Turner's syndrome.
D)William's syndrome.

Question 47

Effective transition programs for students with intellectual disabilities involve

A)direct instruction in reading and math.
B)community adjustment and employment.
C)vocational training and behaviour modification.
D)functional academics and family counselling.

Question 48

Research on class-wide peer-tutoring (CWPT)to help meet the instructional needs of students with mild intellectual disabilities in inclusive settings shows that,compared to teacher-led instruction,CWPT resulted in each of the following EXCEPT

A)increased academic performance for all students.
B)increased amount of engaged academic time.
C)increased academic performance for the students with mild intellectual disabilities only.
D)positive acceptance from the teachers and students.

Question 49

Research on instruction for students with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities and those with learning disabilities indicates that instruction for these groups should

A)differ in terms of type of instruction,but be the same in terms of pace and level of practice.
B)differ in terms of pace,but be the same in terms of type of instruction and level of practice.
C)differ in terms of pace,type of instruction,and level of practice.
D)be the same in terms of pace,type of instruction,and level of practice.

Question 50

The purpose of early intervention programs for children at-risk for mild intellectual disability is

A)improving parents' teaching skills.
B)preventing intellectual disabilities or furthering development of children who have intellectual disabilities.
C)improving family financial status through job training for parents.
D)improving the quality of the children's medical care.

Question 51

A person who is self-determined exhibits each of the following characteristics EXCEPT

A)interdependence.
B)autonomy.
C)self-realization.
D)self-regulation.

Question 52

Each of the following statements about positive behavioural support (PBS)is true EXCEPT

A)it is based on results from a functional behavioural assessment.
B)it focuses on the total environment of the student.
C)it includes a focus on punishing negative behaviours.
D)some proponents advocate school-wide implementation.

Question 53

Results from the Perry Preschool Project and the Abecedarian Project indicate that

A)special classes are the most effective placement.
B)most early intervention programs are ineffective.
C)high school performance is not affected by early intervention.
D)early intervention can reduce the rate of intellectual disabilities.

Question 54

While his classmates read Hamlet silently in their seats,Daniel completes a worksheet where he matches food can labels to pictures of their contents.This is an example of

A)functional academics.
B)self-determination.
C)systematic instruction.
D)adaptive academics.

Question 55

For individuals with intellectual disabilities,self-determination may include all of the following EXCEPT

A)being included in all major decisions.
B)advocating for needed services.
C)making choices based on interests.
D)being informed of learning goals.

Question 56

Pointing to an item while telling a student to pick it up is an example of

A)verbal prompt.
B)gestural prompt.
C)modeling.
D)physical prompt.

Question 57

Most professionals agree that transition programming for students with intellectual disabilities should begin

A)at birth.
B)during the elementary years.
C)at the middle school level.
D)when the student enters high school.

Question 58

Researchers have found that such things as the ability to manage money,prepare meals,maintain a clean house,and keep one's clothing and self well groomed are key factors for

A)functional academics.
B)elementary programming.
C)supported employment.
D)community adjustment.

Question 59

When choosing an appropriate curriculum for students with intellectual disabilities,educators should include a focus on

A)skills appropriate for their IQ score.
B)skills appropriate for grade-level academics.
C)skills appropriate for their mental age.
D)skills appropriate for their chronological age.

Question 60

Determining the consequences,antecedents,and setting events that maintain inappropriate behaviour is called

A)functional behavioural assessment.
B)applied behaviour analysis.
C)transfer of stimulus control.
D)functional analysis.

Question 61

IQ is generally considered the single best index of how well a person will do in school.

Question 62

About 2.3% of the population is identified as having an intellectual disability.

Question 63

If a person achieves a low score on an IQ test,this means that his or her adaptive skills are below average.

Question 64

All of the following are criticisms of sheltered workshops EXCEPT

A)there is no integration with workers who do not have exceptionalities.
B)they offer repetitive work and limited job-training experiences.
C)they are run by business people to make a profit.
D)clients only earn between one and five dollars a day.

Question 65

Intellectual disabilities are diagnosed using only IQ scores.

Question 66

Today,most authorities hold that genetics are the critical determinant of intelligence.

Question 67

Many individuals with intellectual disabilities have deficits in working memory.

Question 68

In the past several years,it has become more difficult to designate someone as having an intellectual disability.

Question 69

Once diagnosed with an intellectual disability,a person's functioning generally does not improve throughout their lifespan.

Question 70

The most common know hereditary cause of intellectual disabilities is Fragile X syndrome.

Question 71

Evidence suggests that women who drink only moderately during pregnancy are not at risk of having babies with symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome.

Question 72

People with Prader-Willi syndrome inherited it from their father.

Question 73

Self-determination is most likely to be fostered under which of the following conditions?

A)supported living
B)community residential facilities
C)group homes
D)residential institutions

Question 74

The most common type of Down syndrome is trisomy 21.

Question 75

The vocational person who typically identifies jobs,completes a vocational assessment,plans transportation,interacts with parents and employers,provides on-site job training,social skill development,and independent living skill training is the

A)trouble shooter.
B)director of special education.
C)resource teacher.
D)job coach.

Question 76

Encephalitis results more often in intellectual disabilities than does meningitis.

Question 77

In supported competitive employment,a worker with intellectual disabilities has a competitive employment position and receives

A)incentive money.
B)ongoing assistance from a job coach.
C)sub-minimum wage.
D)pay from a social agency rather than from the employer.

Question 78

Measures of adaptive behaviour are used to assess areas such as self-help and community living skills.

Question 79

The causes of most intellectual disabilities are known.

Question 80

Fragile X syndrome occurs most often in females because they have an extra X chromosome,giving them a greater chance of inheriting the syndrome.