Deck 3: Cell Structure and Function

Question 1

You are a researcher specializing in cytology,specifically the cell structures of the skeletal muscle that moves the body.The instrument that you would use to see the fine detail within cells would be the

A) MRI scan.
B) light microscope.
C) scanning electron microscope.
D) transmission electron microscope.
E) CT scan.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is a function of the membrane proteins called channel proteins?

A) They bind to specific extracellular molecules to trigger a cellular change.
B) They permit the passage of ions, bypassing the lipid portion of the cell membrane.
C) They are enzymes.
D) They serve as anchors or stabilizers for the cell membrane.
E) They are used as a source of energy.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Membrane-bound proteins that allow identification of a cell as "self" or "nonself" are called ________ proteins.

A) integral
B) recognition
C) carrier
D) peripheral
E) channel

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The concept that each cell of an organism maintains homeostasis is part of our understanding of

A) cell theory.
B) Darwinian theory.
C) the cell cycle.
D) mitotic theory.
E) the theory of differentiation.

Question 5

The smallest living things are

A) proteins.
B) organ systems.
C) tissues.
D) organs.
E) cells.

Question 6

Immersion of red blood cells into a(n)________ solution results in lysis of the cell.

A) isotonic
B) hypertonic
C) hypotonic
D) monotonic
E) equilibrated

Question 7

Crenation occurs when a blood cell is placed in a(n)

A) isotonic solution.
B) pinocytotic solution.
C) hypotonic solution.
D) monotonic solution.
E) hypertonic solution.

Question 8

Which of the following terms is used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium?

A) cell wall
B) cell layer
C) plasma membrane
D) cell boundary
E) nuclear envelope

Question 9

Looking at a tissue through a microscope,you notice that all of the cells along the free surface of the tissue have microvilli along the free edges of the cells.This would tell you that this tissue has what function?

A) the need to detoxify many chemicals
B) a high metabolic rate
C) phagocytosis
D) motility
E) absorption

Question 10

Structurally,the plasma membrane

A) contains no imbedded proteins.
B) separates the chromatin from the cytoplasm in eukaryotes.
C) contains carbohydrate molecules only.
D) is nonporous.
E) is composed of a bilayer of lipids.

Question 11

The phosphate "head" of a phospholipid is

A) hydrophobic.
B) hydrophilic.
C) polar.
D) nonpolar.
E) both hydrophilic and polar.

Question 12

Opening a bottle of perfume releases perfume molecules from the container,and within a few minutes the perfume can be smelled by a person many feet away from the bottle.This illustrates

A) diffusion.
B) facilitated diffusion.
C) osmosis.
D) filtration.
E) active transport.

Question 13

Which of the following is a concept of the cell theory?

A) Cells are the basic structural unit of life.
B) Tissues are the site of control.
C) Organelles are the basic functional unit of life.
D) Cells are produced by meiosis.
E) Cells are immortal.

Question 14

Flu viruses enter into a prospective host cell (along the respiratory tract)and direct it to produce many copies of the viruses.As those viruses bud off of the infected cell,they take the cell membrane of the host cell with them.How might this kill the host cell?

A) The infected host cell loses the ability to transport materials in and out.
B) The infected cell cannot metabolize.
C) The infected cell cannot make RNA.
D) The infected cell loses the ability to move towards nutrient sources.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 15

Plasma membranes allow certain molecules to pass,while blocking others.Membranes with this property are called

A) impermeable.
B) freely permeable.
C) selectively permeable.
D) actively permeable.
E) nonpermeable.

Question 16

The movement of water across a membrane from an area of higher water (lower solute)concentration to an area of lower water (higher solute)concentration is known as

A) filtration.
B) active transport.
C) diffusion.
D) facilitated diffusion.
E) osmosis.

Question 17

The plasma membrane

A) is a watery gel in which structures are suspended.
B) contains the powerhouse of the cell.
C) is the central government of the cell.
D) regulates the exchange of substances with the environment.
E) carries the cell's hereditary information.

Question 18

Which substances can pass directly through the plasma membrane?

A) carbohydrate-bound
B) water soluble
C) lipid insoluble
D) iron soluble
E) lipid soluble

Question 19

Which of these transport mechanisms do not fit into the rest of the group listed?

A) osmosis
B) diffusion
C) ion pumps
D) passive transport
E) facilitated diffusion

Question 20

The membrane proteins that are sensitive to extracellular materials are called

A) receptor proteins.
B) channel proteins.
C) carrier proteins.
D) anchor proteins.
E) identifier proteins.

Question 21

In which type of solution would equilibrium exist?

A) isotonic
B) hypertonic
C) hypotonic
D) osmotic
E) ionic

Question 22

Palytoxin is a very potent toxin from a particular seaweed in Hawaii that locks the carrier proteins of the ion pump system of the cell in an open position.What result would this have on cell function?

A) Sodium cannot enter the cells, and cell metabolism is damaged.
B) The cells cannot utilize glucose.
C) Phagocytosis is inhibited.
D) Diffusion cannot occur.
E) The cell cannot concentrate ions to achieve concentrations necessary for cell function.

Question 23

The concentration of ________ determines the osmotic pressure of a solution.

A) solvent molecules
B) water molecules
C) solute molecules
D) channel proteins
E) lipid molecules

Question 24

The process of binding a specific molecule and then bringing it into the cell in a vesicle is called

A) exocytosis.
B) transcytosis.
C) phagocytosis.
D) receptor-mediated endocytosis.
E) pinocytosis.

Question 25

Which of these is an example of carrier-mediated transport that does not require energy input?

A) an ion exchange pump
B) facilitated diffusion
C) endocytosis
D) exocytosis
E) pinocytosis

Question 26

How does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion?

A) Facilitated diffusion expends no ATP.
B) Facilitated diffusion moves molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.
C) The rate of solute transport cannot increase indefinitely in facilitated diffusion.
D) The concentration gradient is never eliminated in facilitated diffusion.
E) Facilitated diffusion is independent of carrier molecules.

Question 27

A process that requires ATP energy to move a substance independently of its concentration gradient is called

A) active transport.
B) passive transport.
C) facilitated transport.
D) osmosis.
E) diffusion.

Question 28

A cell must expend energy to accomplish substance movement during

A) diffusion.
B) active transport.
C) passive transport.
D) osmosis.
E) filtration.

Question 29

Photo Credit: Steve Gschmeissner / Photo Researchers, Inc.
Figure 3-1 A Red Blood Cell
Use Figure 3-1 to answer the following question:
Choose the correct description for the preceding image.

A) The cell is in a hypotonic saline solution.
B) Osmotic flow does not occur across the plasma membrane of the cell.
C) As the current condition of the cell continues, its plasma membrane may rupture or lyse.
D) The cell is in equilibrium with the solution in that as one water molecule moves out of the cell, another moves in to replace it.
E) As water moves out of the cell, crenation occurs.

Question 30

Place these steps in phagocytosis in the correct order. 1.Residue is ejected from the cell.
2)Lysome fuses with vesicle.
3)Cytoplasmic extensions of the cell surround the object being destroyed.
4)A vesicle is formed in the cytoplasm.
5)Digestive enzymes are activated.

A) 3, 4, 5, 2, 1
B) 2, 4, 3, 5, 1
C) 3, 4, 2, 5, 1
D) 1, 4, 5, 2, 3
E) 5, 3, 4, 2, 1

Question 31

The movement of a molecule from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration by interacting with a carrier protein is an example of

A) osmosis.
B) active transport.
C) diffusion.
D) facilitated diffusion.
E) filtration.

Question 32

Carrier molecules are located within the

A) cytoplasm.
B) plasma membrane.
C) transport vesicles.
D) lipid droplets.
E) chromosomes.

Question 33

A solution that contains a higher solute concentration than the cytoplasm of a cell is called

A) monotonic.
B) hypertonic.
C) isotonic.
D) hypotonic.
E) semitonic.

Question 34

Which of the following is true of the sodium-potassium exchange pump?

A) It maintains sodium at equal intracellular and extracellular levels.
B) It is a passive transport process.
C) It moves sodium into the cell and potassium out of the cell.
D) There is one type of carrier protein for sodium and a different type of carrier protein for potassium.
E) It is an example of active transport.

Question 35

You mix a drop of blood with a drop of an unknown solution and look at the solution under the microscope.The cells look normal to you,so the solution you mixed with the blood would likely be

A) isotonic.
B) hypoosmotic.
C) hypotonic.
D) hypertonic.
E) hyperosmotic.

Question 36

Which property of a membrane determines which molecules may enter or leave?

A) differentiation
B) growth
C) structural integration
D) permeability
E) cellular activation

Question 37

Photo Credit: Steve Gschmeissner / Photo Researchers, Inc.
Figure 3-1 A Red Blood Cell
Use Figure 3-1 to answer the following question:
The release of intracellular materials by a vesicle at the cell surface is called

A) osmosis.
B) active transport.
C) exocytosis.
D) endocytosis.
E) an ion exchange pump.

Question 38

A mechanism in which two substances move in opposite directions across the cell membrane is called

A) facilitated diffusion.
B) vesicular transport.
C) endocytosis.
D) countertransport.
E) osmosis.

Question 39

Two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane with the same properties as a cell membrane.Solution A is 5 percent glucose and solution B is 10 percent glucose.Under these circumstances,

A) water will move from solution A to solution B.
B) water will move from solution B to solution A.
C) glucose will move from solution A to solution B.
D) glucose will move from solution B to solution A.
E) at equilibrium the concentration of glucose will be higher in solution B.

Question 40

Alcohol and fatty acids enter cells via

A) anchor proteins.
B) receptor proteins.
C) lipid channels.
D) diffusion.
E) endocytosis.

Question 41

Figure 3-3 Anatomy of a Model Cell
Use Figure 3-3 to answer the following questions:
Which of the following labeled structures is essential for movement of the chromosomes during cell division?

A) 5
B) 3
C) 2
D) 6
E) 1

Question 42

Figure 3-3 Anatomy of a Model Cell
Use Figure 3-3 to answer the following questions:
Which of the labeled cellular structures are involved in metabolic activity that produces energy for the cell?

A) 10
B) 6
C) 5
D) 11
E) 8

Question 43

Figure 3-2 A Process
Use Figure 3-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the primary process that is featured in the preceding image.

A) receptor-mediated endocytosis
B) pinocytosis
C) sodium-potassium exchange
D) phagocytosis
E) facilitated diffusion

Question 44

The cell seen in the preceding diagram could be

A) undergoing cell respiration.
B) replicating its DNA.
C) phagocytosing cell debris.
D) modifying and releasing a cellular protein.
E) performing active transport.

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of membranous organelles?

A) lysosomes
B) cilia
C) centrioles
D) ribosomes
E) cytoskeleton

Question 46

Figure 3-5 Protein Synthesis
Use Figure 3-5 to answer the following question:
Structure #4 is where the protein

A) folds into its 3D shape and is possibly modified.
B) is converted into mRNA.
C) is released out of the cell.
D) combined with DNA to form nucleoproteins.
E) is endocytosed.

Question 47

What is the function of the structure labeled #12?

A) intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens
B) breakdown and recycling of damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins
C) protein synthesis
D) movement of material over cell surface
E) catabolism of fats and other organic compounds

Question 48

The peroxisome

A) produces proteins.
B) is responsible for the formation of microtubules.
C) functions in macromolecular biosynthesis.
D) breaks down fatty acids and other organic compounds.
E) is responsible for cellular transport through the Golgi apparatus.

Question 49

There are chemicals that bind to microfilaments and block the elongation of actin in a cell.This would damage

A) cell metabolism.
B) protein synthesis.
C) DNA replication.
D) muscle contraction.
E) ATP production.

Question 50

Paired structures made of microtubules that are perpendicular to each other are called the

A) chromosomes.
B) ligand receptors.
C) centromeres.
D) nucleoli.
E) centrioles.

Question 51

Which of the following consists of a set of flattened membranous disks?

A) rough ER
B) smooth ER
C) mitochondria
D) nucleoli
E) Golgi apparatus

Question 52

Protein production is a function of the

A) microtubules.
B) mitochondria.
C) rough ER.
D) ribosomes.
E) Golgi apparatus.

Question 53

Figure 3-3 Anatomy of a Model Cell
Use Figure 3-3 to answer the following questions:
Structure #1 represents the

A) ribosomes.
B) microvilli.
C) cilia.
D) Golgi apparatus.
E) cytoskeleton.

Question 54

Figure 3-3 Anatomy of a Model Cell
Use Figure 3-3 to answer the following questions:
Which of the following functions in the synthesis of secretory products,as well as intracellular storage and transport?

A) 9
B) 10
C) 4
D) 11
E) 6

Question 55

________ processes move substances across a membrane regardless of concentration gradients.

A) Active transport
B) Filtration
C) Passive transport
D) Diffusion
E) Osmotic

Question 56

The folds of the internal membrane within mitochondria are called

A) cristae.
B) cytosol.
C) cisternae.
D) matrix.
E) histones.

Question 57

Figure 3-4 Protein Synthesis
Use Figure 3-4 to answer the following questions:
Identify the organelle shown in the figure,which is described as stacks of flattened membranes containing chambers.

A) flagellum
B) RER
C) mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
E) SER

Question 58

Using the preceding image,determine the correct sequence of events in the primary process,which begins when target molecules (ligands)bind to receptors in the plasma membrane. 1.Target molecules are removed and absorbed into the cytoplasm.
2)The membrane containing the receptor molecules detaches from the lysosome.
3)Pockets pinch off,forming coated vesicles.
4)Areas coated with ligands form deep pockets in the membrane surface.
5)The vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane.
6)Coated vesicles fuse with lysosomes.

A) 4, 6, 1, 2, 3, 5
B) 4, 1, 3, 6, 5, 2
C) 4, 3, 6, 1, 2, 5
D) 1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 5
E) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5, 6

Question 59

Modification and packaging of proteins with other molecules is done by the

A) ribosome.
B) nucleolus.
C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
D) Golgi apparatus.
E) nucleus.

Question 60

The primary components of the cytoskeleton are

A) microfilaments.
B) microtubules.
C) intermediate filaments.
D) phospholipids.
E) actin molecules.

Question 61

If a cell lacked centrioles,it probably would not be able to

A) move.
B) produce DNA.
C) divide.
D) synthesize proteins.
E) metabolize sugars.

Question 62

Membrane renewal vesicles are formed by

A) the endoplasmic reticulum.
B) the Golgi apparatus.
C) lysosomes.
D) mitochondria.
E) nucleoli.

Question 63

Cilia are found

A) mostly in muscle cells.
B) on the inside of cell membranes.
C) in large numbers on cells that secrete hormones.
D) in cells that are required to move fluids or secretions along the cell surface.
E) only on cells lining the reproductive tract.

Question 64

The job of a sperm cell,or spermatozoan,is to get to the egg as soon as possible and fertilize it.Sperm cells would be expected to have a lot of

A) mitochondria.
B) centrioles.
C) smooth endoplasmic reticula.
D) rough endoplasmic reticula.
E) peroxisomes.

Question 65

Synthesis of most ATP takes place in the

A) ribosomes.
B) rough ER.
C) smooth ER.
D) Golgi apparatus.
E) mitochondria.

Question 66

Figure 3-6 Nucleus
Use Figure 3-6 to answer the following question:
Identify the component of the nucleus in which rRNA synthesis and the assembly of ribosomal subunits occur.

A) 4
B) 3
C) 1
D) 5
E) 2

Question 67

The coils of nucleosomes found in non-dividing cells are called

A) nucleoplasms.
B) chromatin.
C) histones.
D) ribosomes.
E) nucleoli.

Question 68

Peroxisomes are most closely related to

A) mitochondria.
B) nuclei.
C) nucleoli.
D) Golgi apparati.
E) lysosomes.

Question 69

Synthesis of phospholipids is a function of the

A) ribosomes.
B) Golgi apparatus.
C) lysosomes.
D) mitochondria.
E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 70

The single structure that allows locomotion in some cells is the

A) histone.
B) cilium.
C) microfilament.
D) flagellum.
E) intermediate filament.

Question 71

The cellular organelle responsible for removing and recycling damaged or denatured proteins is called the

A) mitochondrion.
B) nucleus.
C) nucleolus.
D) Golgi apparatus.
E) proteasome.

Question 72

Which of the following contains an unusual double membrane?

A) mitochondrion
B) nucleolus
C) Golgi apparatus
D) peroxisome
E) lysosome

Question 73

Examination of a sample of cells reveals large numbers of mitochondria compared to most other cells.Which of the following is a likely reason for this?

A) The cells produce digestive enzymes.
B) The cells produce steroid hormones.
C) The cells have very high energy requirements.
D) The cells synthesize transport proteins.
E) The cells make antibodies.

Question 74

Loosely coiled nucleosomes are known as

A) lysosomes.
B) nucleoli.
C) chromatin.
D) the nuclear envelope.
E) histones.

Question 75

When activated,lysosomes may function in

A) the formation of new cell membranes.
B) the synthesis of proteins.
C) autolysis.
D) the synthesis of lipids.
E) cell division.

Question 76

When a protein is synthesized on fixed ribosomes,it is threaded into the lumen of which structure(s)?

A) endoplasmic reticulum
B) the Golgi apparatus
C) nucleoli
D) transport vesicles
E) secretory vesicles

Question 77

Microtubules

A) are usually composed of myosin.
B) are hollow, filamentous structures.
C) attach the plasma membrane to the underlying cytoplasm.
D) interact with filaments composed of tubulin to produce muscle contractions.
E) are found on the ribosomes.

Question 78

Which structure leaves the nucleus during transcription of protein synthesis?

A) DNA
B) transport vesicle
C) centrioles
D) fixed ribosome
E) mRNA

Question 79

The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the

A) nucleolus.
B) plasma membrane.
C) nuclear pore.
D) cell wall.
E) nuclear envelope.

Question 80

Figure 3-6 Nucleus
Use Figure 3-6 to answer the following question:
The cell's ribosomal RNA (rRNA)is produced by the

A) ribosomes.
B) nucleoli.
C) lysosomes.
D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
E) Golgi apparatus.