Deck 7: The Landscape of Memory: Mental Images, maps, and Propositions

Question 1

This type of code for representing information arbitrarily stands for what it represents and does not preserve some of the original features.

A)analogue code
B)hierarchical code
C)deductive code
D)symbolic code

Answer 1

symbolic code

Question 2

A scientist who studies classic epistemology would be studying the

A)nature,origin,and limits of mental representation.
B)limits of visual imagery.
C)nature,origin,and limits of human knowledge.
D)nature and origin of semantic knowledge.

Answer 2

nature,origin,and limits of human knowledge.

Question 3

This type of knowledge is "knowing how" to do something (e.g. ,steps involved in riding a bicycle).

A)declarative knowledge
B)procedural knowledge
C)productive thinking
D)preoperational knowledge

Answer 3

procedural knowledge

Question 4

Declarative knowledge is one of the two kinds of knowledge structures,which include

A)facts that can be stated.
B)procedures that can be implemented.
C)only knowledge that can be visually represented.
D)only knowledge that cannot be mentally represented.

Question 5

This concept states that the relationship between a word and what it represents is arbitrary (e.g. ,there is nothing special about the word "dog" that represents particular aspects of a dog).

A)analogue representation
B)semantic representation
C)deductive code
D)symbolic representation

Question 6

The dual-code theory states that

A)all information is encoded in the same form and can be called up as either a visual or verbal representation.
B)information is represented in the form of a proposition with two separate ways of encoding information,verbally and nonverbally.
C)some information is represented in a verbal form,some in a nonverbal form,and some is encoded and stored in both forms.
D)all information is either represented in a verbal or in a nonverbal form,but not both.

Question 7

"The U.S.Constitution was ratified in 1789" is an example of __________ knowledge.

A)analogical
B)declarative
C)nondeclarative
D)procedural

Question 8

Lee Brooks tested the notion that

A)visual perception could interfere with verbal perception.
B)producing a verbal response could interfere with visual imagery,and visual perception could interfere with mental manipulation of words.
C)producing a verbal response could interfere with mental manipulation of words,and visual perception could interfere with visual imagery.
D)verbal imagery seems to be processed differently than visual imagery.

Question 9

Debbie is trying to recall the words to the French national anthem.Jim is trying to recall the exact appearance of the Statue of Liberty.If asked,Paivio would probably say that Debbie is retrieving information stored in a(n)__________ code,whereas Jim is retrieving information stored in a(n)__________ code.

A)analogue;symbolic
B)symbolic;analogue
C)visual;verbal
D)symbolic;verbal

Question 10

This theory of knowledge representation suggests that our mental representations can take one of two forms-something similar to either imagined or verbal.

A)epiphenomena
B)survey
C)dual-code theory
D)propositional

Question 11

According to Allan Paivio,mental representations for words are represented in a(n)__________ code,whereas visual images are represented in a(n)__________ code.

A)symbolic;analogue
B)analogue;symbolic
C)verbal;propositional
D)propositional;verbal

Question 12

According to the propositional theory,

A)imaginal information and verbal information are stored in two separate sets of encoded propositions,each ready to be called up and represented as either verbal or imaginal.
B)only imaginal information is stored in the form of a proposition,whereas verbal information is stored as encoded symbols.
C)both imaginal information and verbal information are stored as encoded
Propositions,ready to be called up and decoded as either verbal or visual.
D)only verbal information is stored in the form of a proposition,whereas imaginal information is stored in the form of raw images.

Question 13

The dual-code theory was first proposed by

A)Stephen Kosslyn.
B)Allan Paivio.
C)Lee Brooks.
D)John Anderson.

Question 14

The propositional theory was once championed by __________ and __________.

A)Herbert Clark;Stephen Kosslyn
B)Zenon Pylyshyn;Stephen Reed
C)Deborah Chambers;Daniel Reisberg
D)John Anderson;Gordon Bower

Question 15

__________ proposed the idea that mental images are epiphenomena and that we manipulate images using a propositional code,not an analogous one.

A)Stephen Reed
B)Zenon Pylyshyn
C)Mary Peterson
D)Daniel Reisberg

Question 16

This type of code for representing information preserves some feature of what is being represented (e.g. ,a model showing the paths & distances from the sun of the various planets).

A)analogue code
B)hierarchical code
C)deductive code
D)symbolic code

Question 17

Imagery includes

A)only visual representations.
B)representations perceived through all the senses.
C)only visual,auditory,and taste representations.
D)only visual and auditory representations.

Question 18

According to some researchers,which of the following forms of imagery do we seem to use most often?

A)tactile (touch)
B)auditory
C)visual
D)olfactory (smell)

Question 19

This concept suggests that images are simply a result (a byproduct)or other cognitive processes.

A)epiphenomena
B)percept
C)construals
D)deductive code

Question 20

This theory of knowledge representation suggests that our mental representations are in an abstract form and not stored in the form of an image.

A)epiphenomena
B)holographic representations
C)dual-code
D)propositional

Question 21

According to Finke's principles of visual imagery,the processes involved in visual imagery are functionally

A)distinct from the processes involved in visual perception.
B)equivalent to the processes involved in speech perception.
C)indistinguishable from the processes involved in reasoning.
D)equivalent to the processes involved in visual perception.

Question 22

This type of hint in experiments involving the reinterpretation of ambiguous figures involves directing participants to the region of the ambiguous figure when either the realignment or reconstruals are to occur.

A)implicit reference-frame hint
B)attentional hint
C)construals from "good" parts
D)explicit reference-frame hint

Question 23

This type of hint in experiments involving the reinterpretation of ambiguous figures involves identifying sections of the figure for analyses.

A)implicit reference-frame hint
B)attentional hint
C)construals from "good" parts
D)explicit reference-frame hint

Question 24

One view of ambiguous figures suggests that there are two types of manipulations.These are

A)mental reconstrual and mental realignment.
B)mental reassessment and mental realignment.
C)mental reconstrual and mental repositioning.
D)mental reassessment and mental repositioning.

Question 25

This type of hint in experiments involving the reinterpretation of ambiguous figures involves showing participants a different ambiguous figure in which one had to realign the frame of reference.

A)implicit reference-frame hint
B)attentional hint
C)construals from "good" parts
D)explicit reference-frame hint

Question 26

Recent fMRI work suggests that brain areas used in

A)verbal comprehension are the same as those used in perception.
B)verbal comprehension are the same as those used in mental rotation.
C)perception are not the same as those used in mental rotation.
D)perception are the same as those used in mental rotation.

Question 27

In experiments on ambiguous figures,Chambers and Reisberg concluded that because most subjects could

A)not visualize alternate interpretations of an ambiguous figure,there is no discrete imaginal code.
B)easily visualize alternate interpretations of an ambiguous figure,there is a discrete imaginal code.
C)visualize alternate interpretations of an ambiguous figure,the imaginal code may,in some cases,override a propositional code.
D)not visualize alternate interpretations of an ambiguous figure,an imaginal code may be overridden by a propositional code in some cases.

Question 28

This type of hint in experiments involving the reinterpretation of ambiguous figures involves directing participants to realign their frame of reference.

A)implicit reference-frame hint
B)attentional hint
C)construals from "good" parts
D)explicit reference-frame hint

Question 29

John mentally represents a boat sailing under a bridge.He then represents what he has heard a person shouting from a car downtown.According to the Anderson and Bower's hypothesis,__________ is/are encoded as (a)proposition(s).

A)the first representation only
B)the second representation only
C)neither representation
D)both of the representations

Question 30

This manipulation of ambiguous figures involves a reinterpretation of parts of the figure.This is important in terms of seeing the "other" interpretation of the stimulus.

A)mental repositioning
B)mental reassessment
C)mental realignment
D)mental reconstrual

Question 31

Which of the following is an accurate description of results obtained in a major study concerning mental rotations?

A)The degree of rotation of the figures had no bearing on response time.
B)For every increase in the degree of rotation of the figures,there was a corresponding decrease in response time.
C)For every decrease in the degree of rotation of the figures,there was a corresponding increase in response time.
D)For every increase in the degree of rotation of the figures,there was a corresponding increase in response time.

Question 32

Which of the following is true regarding gender differences in mental rotation ability?

A)Nearly all studies find females outperform males in mental rotation tasks.
B)In young children,there are no gender differences in mental rotation performance.
C)Mental rotation skills cannot be improved through practice or training.
D)The same brain activation is seen in males and females during mental rotation tasks.

Question 33

This type of stimuli,______,is often used in the area of perception and has at least two different interpretations.

A)percept
B)dichotic stimuli
C)multidimensional stimuli
D)ambiguous figure

Question 34

This manipulation of ambiguous figures involves a shift in the figure in regards to its "positional orientations of the figures on the mental page or screen."

A)mental repositioning
B)mental reassessment
C)mental realignment
D)mental reconstrual

Question 35

Many individuals suffering with positive symptoms of Schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations.Their difficulty distinguishing the hallucinations and reality supports the

A)dual-code theory.
B)auditory-equivalency hypothesis.
C)functional-equivalence hypothesis.
D)analogous-operations hypothesis.

Question 36

The classic experiment on mental rotations was performed by

A)Roger Shepard and Jacqueline Metzler.
B)Apostolos Georgopoulos and Roger Shepard.
C)Jacqueline Metzler and Apostolos Georgopoulos.
D)Steven Pinker and Larry Squire.

Question 37

Abhilasha,an architect,often sees the town hall downtown.At her office,her employer shows her some blueprints for the building.First she examines a blueprint of the facade of the town hall.As she sees each successive blueprint showing the building from progressively different angles,she starts to have difficulty recognizing the building as the town hall.Abhilasha's difficulty is due to the fact that

A)as objects are rotated,it becomes increasingly difficult to identify the objects.
B)for every decrease in the degree of rotation of an object,there is a corresponding increase in response time.
C)for every increase in the degree of rotation of an object,there is a corresponding decrease in response time.
D)large objects seen from different angles are harder to recognize.

Question 38

This hypothesis proposes that although visual imagery is not identical to visual perception,they are strongly analogous to each other and can accomplish the same goals.

A)functional-equivalence hypothesis
B)imagery-equivalency hypothesis
C)analogous-operations hypothesis
D)dual-code theory

Question 39

For which of the following would it be easiest to visualize small,detailed features?

A)a molecule
B)a caterpillar
C)a turtle
D)a honeybee

Question 40

Which of the following is not a hint used by Mary Peterson in her experiments?

A)implicit reference-frame hint
B)explicit reference-frame hint
C)attentional hint
D)rotated-alignment hint

Question 41

__________ found that participants seem to have auditory as well as visual mental images,and that some of the same findings from visual image-scanning studies apply in auditory scanning.

A)Karl van Frisch
B)Stephen Kosslyn
C)Edward Tolman
D)Margaret Intons-Peterson

Question 42

Which of the following was not one of the observations made in an image size study involving both children and adults?

A)In general,children responded more quickly than adults.
B)First-graders responded more quickly regarding larger attributes of objects.
C)Many of the younger children indicated that they had used imagery even when instructed not to do so.
D)There was not as large a difference in response times between adults and children in the imagery condition as in the nonimagery condition.

Question 43

Gazzaniga and Sperry have noted that lesions in particular areas of the left side of the brain seem to affect __________ functions,whereas lesions in certain areas of the right side of the brain seem to affect __________ functions.

A)symbol-manipulation;imagery-manipulation
B)visual-perception;symbol-manipulation
C)imagery-manipulation;symbol-manipulation
D)heuristic;occipital

Question 44

Many people suffering people spatial neglect also suffer from ____________ neglect - a tendency to ignore half of an imagined scene.

A)representational
B)imaginarial
C)visual
D)unilateral visual

Question 45

Michael Corballis suggested that "humans alone can conceive what they have never perceived" because

A)like other animals,our right hemisphere perceives our physical environment,and our left hemisphere manipulates imaginal components and symbols.
B)like other animals,our right hemisphere perceives our physical environment in an analogue manner;our left hemisphere,however,unlike that of animals,manipulates imaginal components and symbols.
C)only humans possess a mind that can represent objects and locations imaginally.
D)unlike other animals,humans mentally visualize images using the right hemisphere only,whereas animals use only their left hemisphere.

Question 46

Martha Farah found that visual imagery and spatial imagery appear to be

A)merely parts of a dual-natured phenomenon.
B)one and the same,and in effect,inseparable.
C)separate subsystems of imagery representation.
D)alike in their types of processing,but different in their forms of representation.

Question 47

Nancy Kerr's study on the imaginal capacity of blind people as compared with that of sighted people showed that

A)blind people not only responded more slowly,but also did not appear to have the imaginal capacity of the sighted people.
B)although blind people responded more quickly,their responses demonstrated a lack of imaginal capacity.
C)although blind people responded more slowly,they showed similar response patterns to those of sighted people.
D)blind people not only responded more quickly,but also showed similar response patterns to those of sighted people.

Question 48

Johnson-Laird suggests that mental representations may take one of three forms.This particular form of representation is distinguished from the rest in that one can verbally express the meaning of this abstract representation.

A)image
B)explicit reference-frame
C)mental model
D)proposition

Question 49

According to Gazzaniga and Sperry,lesions in the right hemisphere are associated with impaired

A)visual perception only.
B)visual memory only.
C)visual perception and visual memory.
D)verbal memory,not visual memory.

Question 50

Jane is asked to imagine standing on the north end of the town square and then describe what she sees.In her description Jane reports all of the buildings on the east side of the square,but none from the west side of the square.Based on this report,one might conclude that Jane is suffering from

A)unilateral visual neglect.
B)imaginarial dysfunction.
C)representational neglect.
D)hemispatial syndrome.

Question 51

After Margaret Intons-Peterson found that experimenter expectations affected the results of a study,__________ and __________ demonstrated that experimenter effects did not adequately explain their findings.

A)Kosslyn;Luria
B)Gazzaniga;Sperry
C)Kosslyn;Jolicoeur
D)Jolicoeur;Corballis

Question 52

In an experiment testing the influence of demand characteristics,experimenters were led to believe that the results would form a U-shaped curve,when in reality the results

A)formed a traditional V-shaped graph.
B)formed a traditional linear relation.
C)actually did form a U-shaped curve.
D)were in complete agreement with Intons-Peterson's findings.

Question 53

Johnson-Laird suggests that mental representations may take one of three forms.This particular form of representation consists of knowledge structures based on prior experience that help one to understand his/her experiences.

A)image
B)explicit reference-frame
C)mental model
D)proposition

Question 54

Research that studies brain lesions suggests a lateralization of function.Impairment to verbal memory and verbal comprehension suggests lesions in (the)

A)left hemisphere.
B)right hemisphere.
C)both hemispheres.
D)neither hemisphere.

Question 55

Research that studies brain lesions suggests a lateralization of function.Impairment to visual memory and visual perception suggest lesions in (the)

A)left hemisphere.
B)right hemisphere.
C)both hemispheres.
D)neither hemisphere.

Question 56

Johnson-Laird suggests that mental representations may take one of three forms.This particular form of representation is a very specific view of a particular object/environment such that many of the perceptual features are retained.

A)image
B)explicit reference-frame
C)mental model
D)proposition

Question 57

Steven Pinker's participants first observed and then mentally represented a three dimensional array of objects,and finally mentally scanned from one object to another.The results for three-dimensional scanning __________ two-dimensional scanning.

A)differ from those for
B)are the same as those for
C)are similar only for large-figure
D)are similar only for close-distance

Question 58

In a study on image scanning,Kosslyn found that it takes longer mentally to scan across

A)smaller objects than larger objects.
B)familiar locations than unfamiliar locations.
C)longer distances than shorter distances.
D)distances when an incentive is not offered than distances when an incentive is offered.

Question 59

Initial neuropsychological research on mental imagery came from studies of patients with identified __________ and from __________.

A)lesions;split-brain patients
B)neurological diseases;split-brain patients
C)lesions;blind patients
D)neurological diseases;blind patients

Question 60

Which of the following is a conclusion drawn by Stephen Kosslyn in a study dealing with image size?

A)The resolution for objects that take up a small area of the mental screen is more detailed than it is for larger objects.
B)The resolution for objects that take up a large area of the mental screen is more detailed than it is for objects that are smaller.
C)The resolution for both large and small objects is equally highly detailed.
D)Resolution varies randomly with sizes of objects.

Question 61

Ragini is mentally representing a map of her town.She represents a number of different landmarks.She will most likely estimate that the distance between two houses that look very similar as __________ the distance between two that look different.(Assume that in reality the distances are equal. )

A)longer than
B)shorter than
C)the same as
D)variably different than

Question 62

When looking at the map that Quinlan drew of his hometown,one notices that streets with "odd" intersections appear to be more perpendicular than what they really are.This would be an example of

A)route-road knowledge
B)relative-position heuristic
C)survey
D)right-angle bias

Question 63

Alice consistently judges two cities that are on the same highway as being closer to each other compared to two cities that are actually physically closer but after "further" away due to the highways connecting them.This discrepancy in apparent distance is an example of

A)route-road knowledge
B)relative-position
C)survey
D)procedural map

Question 64

Farah and her colleagues found activation of the occipital region of the brain for

A)both visual perception and visual imagery.
B)visual perception only.
C)visual imagery only.
D)neither visual perception nor visual memory.

Question 65

This type of spatial knowledge provides an overview of a space and contains information that would allow for estimating the distances between various landmarks.

A)route-road knowledge
B)relative-position
C)survey
D)procedural map

Question 66

In one of Farah's studies,L.H.had lesions in the temporo-occipital regions,the right temporal lobe,and the right inferior frontal lobe of the brain,causing his visual imagery ability to be

A)nonexistent and his spatial skills to be weak.
B)highly developed,but his spatial skills to be nonexistent.
C)normal,as was his spatial ability.
D)very weak,but his spatial ability to be relatively normal.

Question 67

According to Barbara Tversky's alignment heuristic,people tend to

A)resolve distortions in reality,representing landmarks as more unaligned than they appear in reality.
B)distort their mental images to represent landmarks as better aligned than they are in reality.
C)distort their mental images of the relative positions of landmarks to reflect their conceptual knowledge rather than the actual spatial configurations.
D)represent shapes as being more symmetrical than they really are.

Question 68

Bill has often seen a main city street lined with buildings.He attempts to mentally represent the street,but he distorts it so that the buildings are all the same distance from the street,when in reality they are different distances from the street.Which heuristic has Bill used?

A)the rotation heuristic
B)the relative-position heuristic
C)the symmetry heuristic
D)the alignment heuristic

Question 69

The rotation heuristic states that people tend to represent

A)upside-down objects as right-side-up.
B)slightly slanted objects as objects that rotate either horizontally or vertically.
C)rotating objects as being still.
D)slightly slanted objects as being more horizontal or more vertical than they really are.

Question 70

Which of the following is not one of Barbara Tversky's propositional heuristics?

A)Landmark heuristic
B)Symmetry heuristic
C)Relative-position heuristic
D)Right-angle bias

Question 71

Nobel Prize-winning scientist Karl van Frisch studied the behavior of __________ and their methods of communicating information,which appear to be based on some type of imaginal maps.

A)students
B)bees
C)rats
D)psychologists

Question 72

In a study on students' perceptions of world maps,Jukka Saarinen found that,in general,students drew maps reflecting all of the following characteristics except

A)a Eurocentric view of the world.
B)a view centering on and highlighting the students' own countries.
C)random distortions of the less well-known countries,but accurate perceptions of the sizes of the more well-known countries.
D)modest distortions that enlarged the well-known countries and diminished the sizes of less well-known countries.

Question 73

The __________ heuristic seems equally strong in memory and perception,whereas the __________ heuristic appears to influence mental representation more than it does perception.

A)relative-position;symmetry
B)rotation;relative-position
C)symmetry;relative-position
D)rotation;symmetry

Question 74

This heuristic is influence by ones conceptual knowledge such that one's mental image is distorted and made to conform to one's expectation of the space versus the actual spatial configuration.

A)route-road knowledge
B)relative-position heuristic
C)symmetry heuristic
D)right-angle bias

Question 75

In reference to landmark knowledge,people tend to distort their mental images so that their mental estimates of distances

A)increase in relation to the number of intervening landmarks.
B)decrease in relation to the number of intervening landmarks.
C)between landmarks stay the same no matter how many intervening landmarks are present.
D)increase as route-road perception overcomes landmark perception.

Question 76

The map that Quinlan draws of the city that he lives in appears to be more "even" than what it really is.Streets that are not of the same length are in his drawing.The distribution of the city appears to be more even that what it really is.This would be an example of the

A)route-road knowledge
B)relative-position heuristic
C)symmetry heuristic
D)survey

Question 77

In considering Farah's studies of L.H. ,it might be said that our knowledge of object labels and attributes taps __________ knowledge about the objects,whereas our ability to manipulate the orientation or the size of images taps __________ knowledge of the objects.

A)imaginal;propositional
B)propositional;analogue
C)perceptual;analogue
D)analogue;perceptual

Question 78

Which of the following is not one of the three types of knowledge used when forming and utilizing cognitive maps?

A)route-road
B)relative-position
C)landmark
D)survey

Question 79

Edward Tolman argued that rats running a maze learn a __________,an internal representation of the maze.

A)cognitive map
B)route-road map
C)survey map
D)perceptual map

Question 80

In a study in which participants were asked to estimate distances between buildings on a map they had seen,the participants guessed __________ distances when traveling to a landmark than when traveling to a non-landmark.

A)longer
B)shorter
C)the same
D)randomly varying