Deck 12: Learning and Memory

Question 1

Immediately following the powerful earthquake in San Luis Obispo,California on July 2,2003,I felt "jumpy" whenever an airplane flew over my house to land at the nearby airport.This change is probably a result of 

A)instinct. 
B)reflex. 
C)habituation. 
D)sensitization.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Jamelis has figured out that his mother will be furious with him if he comes home after dinner time,so he has started making sure never to be that late.Jamelis is demonstrating 

A)reflexes. 
B) instincts.​ 
C)fixed action patterns. 
D)learned behaviors.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Psychologists define learning as 

A)relatively permanent changes in behavior (or the capacity for behavior) due to experience. 
B) relatively permanent changes in behavior (or the capacity for behavior) due to maturation.​ 
C) the systematic organization of information for later recall and use.​ 
D) the acquisition of new information through study.​

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Although you may notice your air conditioner turning on,you no longer "hear" it running after a few minutes.Which of the following processes probably accounts for this change? 

A)instinctive behavior 
B)habituation 
C)sensitization 
D)classical conditioning

Question 5

Complex,species-specific behaviors that are triggered by environmental stimuli are known as 

A)reflexes. 
B)instincts. 
C)habituation. 
D)sensitization.

Question 6

In Pavlov's classic experiments with dogs and salivation,food serves as the 

A)conditioned stimulus. 
B)conditioned response. 
C) unconditioned stimulus. 
D)unconditioned response.

Question 7

In Pavlov's classic experiments,salivation to a metronome is an example of a(n) 

A)conditioned stimulus. 
B) conditioned response.​ 
C)unconditioned stimulus. 
D)unconditioned response.

Question 8

When an organism reduces its responses to an unchanging,harmless source of information,which of the following processes has occurred? 

A)instinctive behavior 
B)habituation 
C)sensitization 
D)classical conditioning

Question 9

Which of the following processes is an example of associative learning? 

A)habituation 
B) sensitization​ 
C)classical conditioning 
D)fixed action patterns

Question 10

"Fixed action patterns" are also known as 

A)reflexes. 
B) instincts.​ 
C)associative learning stimuli. 
D)nonassociative learning stimuli.

Question 11

Aplysia's gill-withdrawal reflex is controlled by neurons in the animal's​ 

A)brain. 
B)buccal ganglia. 
C)pedal ganglia. 
D)abdominal ganglia.

Question 12

Changes in the magnitude of a response to environmental stimuli is typical in 

A)instinctive behaviors. 
B) reflexes.​ 
C)associative learning. 
D)nonassociative learning.

Question 13

When Thomas was a little boy,his mother often gave him a piece of candy whenever she had to bandage up a scraped elbow or knee.Now that Thomas is in college,he struggles with his weight because every time he feels sad or lonely,he craves something sweet to eat.It is likely that for Thomas,eating candy now serves as a(n)​ 

A)conditioned stimulus. 
B)conditioned response. 
C)unconditioned stimulus. 
D)unconditioned response.

Question 14

Courtney suffered a very serious dog bite when she was a small child,and she still recoils in fear from her friends' dogs.It is likely that for Courtney,dogs now serve as 

A)unconditioned responses. 
B)unconditioned stimuli 
C)conditioned responses. 
D)conditioned stimuli.

Question 15

Habituation in Aplysia can last up to​ 

A)three hours. 
B)one day. 
C)three days. 
D)three weeks.

Question 16

Which of the following processes represents the formation of a connection between two or more stimuli in one's environment? 

A)instinctive behaviors 
B)reflexes 
C)associative learning 
D)nonassociative learning

Question 17

Repeated touching of the siphon in Aplysia will result in​ 

A)habituation. 
B)sensitization. 
C)classical conditioning. 
D)a fixed action pattern.

Question 18

When responses to environmental stimuli are actually increased following exposure to a strong stimulus,which of the following processes has occurred? 

A)instinctive behavior 
B)habituation 
C)sensitization 
D)classical conditioning

Question 19

Inevitable,involuntary responses to stimuli are called 

A)reflexes. 
B) instincts.​ 
C)fixed action patterns. 
D)learned behaviors.

Question 20

When organisms learn that certain stimuli predict the occurrence of other important stimuli,which of the following processes has probably occurred? 

A)sensitization 
B) habituation​ 
C)classical conditioning 
D)extinction

Question 21

The procedure illustrated in this figure will result in​ 

A)sensitization of the Aplysia gill-withdrawal reflex. 
B)classical conditioning of the Aplysia gill-withdrawal reflex. 
C)habituation of the Aplysia gill-withdrawal reflex. 
D)extinction of the Aplysia gill-withdrawal reflex.

Question 22

Structural changes resulting from sensitization or habituation may involve​ 

A)dystrophin. 
B)agrin. 
C)actin. 
D)myosin.

Question 23

In conditioned fear research with rats,which of the following might be used by the experimenters as a conditioned response? 

A)working to postpone an electric shock 
B) increased salivation​ 
C) reductions in working for food​ 
D) increases in working for food​

Question 24

Repeated exposure to habituation or sensitization changes the number of​ 

A)receptor sites on interneurons. 
B)axon terminals on sensory neurons. 
C)receptor sites on motor neurons 
D)axon terminals on interneurons.

Question 25

In sensitization in Aplysia,what processes account for the stronger than normal responses of gill motor neurons?​ 

A)extended action potentials in siphon sensory neurons, which result in the release of greater than normal amounts of neurotransmitter at synapses with gill motor neurons. 
B)extended action potentials in siphon sensory neurons, which result in the release of less than normal amounts of neurotransmitter at synapses with gill motor neurons. 
C)shortened action potentials in siphon sensory neurons, which result in the release of greater than normal amounts of neurotransmitter at synapses with gill motor neurons 
D)shortened action potentials in siphon sensory neurons, which result in the release of less than normal amounts of neurotransmitter at synapses with gill motor neurons.

Question 26

Short-term habituation of Aplysia's gill-withdrawal reflex,lasting from minutes to several hours,probably results from​ 

A)changes in the synapses between sensory and motor neurons. 
B)decreased sensitivity of the sensory neurons. 
C)fatigue in the muscles serving the gill. 
D)stronger excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the interneurons

Question 27

In studies of classical conditioning in Aplysia,which of the following usually serves as the unconditioned stimulus?​ 

A)touching the mantle 
B)touching the siphon 
C)the gill-withdrawal reflex 
D)electric shock to the tail

Question 28

Interneurons involved with sensitization in Aplysia release the neurotransmitter ________ at the axo-axonic synapses.​ 

A)dopamine. 
B)acetylcholine. 
C)serotonin. 
D)norepinephrine

Question 29

Short-term habituation in Aplysia occurs when _________ neurotransmitter is released at synapses with _________ neurons.

A)less; gill motor 
B)less; siphon sensory 
C)more; gill motor 
D)more; siphon sensory

Question 30

Short-term habituation in Aplysia,lasting minutes to several hours,most likely results from​ 

A)the temporary depletion of available neurotransmitter in the motor neuron serving the gill muscle. 
B)the temporary depletion of available neurotransmitter in the presynaptic sensory neuron. 
C)fatigue in the muscles serving the gill. 
D)changes in NMDA glutamate receptors.

Question 31

The interneurons involved with sensitization in Aplysia form which of the following types of synapse?​ 

A)axo-axonic synapses on sensory neurons serving the siphon 
B)axo-dendritic synapses on sensory neurons serving the siphon 
C)axo-axonic synapses on the motor neurons serving the gill 
D)axo-dendritic synapses on the motor neurons serving the gill

Question 32

The end result of PKA activation over time appears to be​ 

A)decreased numbers of synaptic terminals on sensory neurons. 
B)increased numbers of synaptic terminals on sensory neurons. 
C)decreased numbers of postsynaptic receptors. 
D)increased numbers of postsynaptic receptors.

Question 33

In studies of classical conditioning in Aplysia,gill-withdrawal in response to _________ usually serves as the conditioned response.​ 

A)electrical shock to the tail 
B)touching the CS+ 
C)touching the CS- 
D)electrical shock to the siphon

Question 34

In sensitization in Aplysia,what process occurs in the sensory neurons serving the siphon?​ 

A)an ionotropic process, which results in the closing of calcium channels 
B)a metabotropic process, which results in the closing of calcium channels 
C)an ionotropic process, which results in the closing of potassium channels 
D)a metabotropic process, which results in the closing of potassium channels

Question 35

Classical conditioning in Aplysia results primarily from 

A)the release of larger amounts of neurotransmitter by the sensory neuron 
B)the release of smaller amounts of neurotransmitter by the sensory neuron. 
C)increased sensitivity of the motor neuron. 
D)larger numbers of active interneurons.

Question 36

In sensitization experiments,shocking the head or tail of Aplysia will result in a(n)​ 

A)reduced gill-withdrawal reflex in response to siphon touch. 
B)increased gill-withdrawal reflex in response to siphon touch. 
C)absence of the gill-withdrawal reflex in response to siphon touch 
D)gill-withdrawal reflex in response to head touch, but not siphon touch.

Question 37

Repeated activation of PKA results in​ 

A)activation of MAP kinase. 
B)activation of CREB-2 by CREB-1. 
C)inhibition of C/EBP. 
D)inhibition of ubiquitin carboxyterminal hydrolase.

Question 38

Lesions of which structure interfere the most with classically conditioned fear responses in rats? 

A)the septal area 
B)the orbitofrontal cortex 
C)the mammillary bodies 
D)the amygdala

Question 39

Longer-term habituation in Aplysia,lasting up to three weeks,most likely results from​ 

A)the temporary depletion of available neurotransmitter in the motor neuron serving the gill muscle. 
B)the temporary depletion of available neurotransmitter in the presynaptic sensory neuron. 
C)fatigue in the muscles serving the gill. 
D)changes in NMDA glutamate receptors

Question 40

In sensitization in Aplysia,PKA acts to​ 

A)convert ATP into cyclic AMP. 
B)activate adenylyl cyclase. 
C)increase the release of serotonin by the interneuron. 
D)increase the release of glutamate by the sensory neuron.

Question 41

Climbing fibers synapsing in the cerebellum originate from cells located in the​ 

A)deep cerebellar nuclei. 
B)amygdala. 
C)inferior olive of the medulla. 
D)interpositus nucleus.

Question 42

Long-term depression (LTD)reflects​ 

A)increased responsiveness to glutamate. 
B)decreased responsiveness to glutamate. 
C)increased responsiveness to serotonin. 
D)decreased responsiveness to serotonin.

Question 43

Human participants with cerebellar damage​ 

A)have difficulty with delay conditioning, but not trace conditioning. 
B)have difficulty with trace conditioning, but not delay conditioning. 
C)have approximately equal difficulties with both trace and delay conditioning. 
D)do not have any difficulties with either delay or trace conditioning.

Question 44

Eyeblink conditioning in human participants​ 

A)does not occur. 
B)is impaired in participants with amygdalar damage. 
C)is impaired in participants with cerebellar damage. 
D)is retained in participants with amygdalar or cerebellar damage.

Question 45

Simultaneous activation of climbing and parallel fibers results in _________ in Purkinje cells.​ 

A)increases in EPSPs 
B)decreases in EPSPs 
C)increases in IPSPs 
D)decreases in IPSPs

Question 46

Classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane in rabbits is prevented by lesions of the 

A)amygdala. 
B) deep cerebellar nuclei.​ 
C) interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum.​ 
D) inferior olive.​

Question 47

Parallel fibers synapsing in the cerebellum originate in​ 

A)neurons in the inferior olive of the medulla. 
B)neurons in the pons. 
C)Purkinje cells. 
D)granule cells.

Question 48

You recently heard about a friend who had been injured in an accident that resulted in damage to her cerebellum.What possible learning problems would you expect to be the result of this injury?​ 

A)She will suffer from anterograde amnesia. 
B)She will suffer from retrograde amnesia. 
C)She will be unable to learn new motor skills, and may not even be able to perform previously learned new ones. 
D)There should be no effect on learning, as the cerebellum is only important for performing motor tasks.

Question 49

Trace conditioning​ 

A)requires the participation of the same structures as delay conditioning. 
B)requires the participation of forebrain structures to bridge the gap between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. 
C)requires the participation of the cerebellum to bridge the gap between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. 
D)requires a functional amygdala.

Question 50

Purkinje cells in the cerebellum receive direct input from​ 

A)mossy fibers and climbing fibers. 
B)climbing fibers and parallel fibers. 
C)mossy fibers and parallel fibers. 
D)mossy, climbing, and parallel fibers.

Question 51

Long-term depression (LTD)reflects _________ in Purkinje cells.​ 

A)increases in EPSPs 
B)decreases in EPSPs 
C)increases in IPSPs 
D)decreases in IPSPs

Question 52

Human participants with cerebellar damage​ 

A)have difficulty with delay conditioning, but not trace conditioning. 
B)have difficulty with trace conditioning, but not delay conditioning. 
C)have approximately equal difficulties with both trace and delay conditioning. 
D)do not have any difficulties with either delay or trace conditioning.

Question 53

The structure identified as number 5 in this illustration represents a​ 

A)parallel fiber. 
B)climbing fiber. 
C)mossy fiber. 
D)perforant pathway fiber.

Question 54

Mossy fibers synapsing in the cerebellum originate in​ 

A)neurons in the inferior olive of the medulla. 
B)neurons in the pons. 
C)Purkinje cells. 
D)granule cells.

Question 55

In the classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane in rabbits,the unconditioned stimulus is usually a(n) 

A)puff of air to the eye. 
B) tone.​ 
C)electric shock to the tail. 
D)pellet of food.

Question 56

Temporary inactivation of the red nucleus prevents​ 

A)conditioned responding, but not learning. 
B)both conditioned responding and learning. 
C)neither conditioned responding nor learning. 
D)learning, but not conditioned responding.

Question 57

The output cells of the cerebellum receive _________ input from _________ cells.​ 

A)excitatory; granule 
B)inhibitory; granule 
C)excitatory; Purkinje 
D)inhibitory; Purkinje

Question 58

Protein kinase C is one kind of messenger found in ________ cells of the cerebellum.​ 

A)amyloid 
B)pyramidal 
C)acetylcholinergic 
D)Purkinje

Question 59

Long-term depression (LTD)results from​ 

A)influxes of calcium and sodium into the Purkinje cell. 
B)influx of calcium and activation of protein kinase C in the Purkinje cell. 
C)influx of sodium and activation of protein kinase C in the Purkinje cell. 
D)influxes of calcium and sodium and activation of protein kinase C in the Purkinje cell.

Question 60

It appears that circuits connecting the amygdala,hippocampus,and medial prefrontal cortex participate in matching correct responses to their contexts following _______ training.​ 

A)dishabituation 
B)sensitization 
C)habituation 
D)extinction

Question 61

Memories of an individual's personal experience are stored in _________ memory.​ 

A)procedural 
B)episodic 
C)working 
D)semantic

Question 62

Tom is on the telephone trying to help his girlfriend reinstall her operating system after her computer crashed.In order to provide his girlfriend with the right instructions,Tom must access his _________ memory.​ 

A)procedural 
B)episodic 
C)autobiographical 
D)explicit

Question 63

Limited quantities of information - about 5 to 9 items - can be held for a maximum of 15-18 seconds in _________ memory.​ 

A)sensory 
B)short-term 
C)long-term 
D)episodic

Question 64

Large amounts of data can be held for a second or two in _________ memory.​ 

A)sensory 
B)short-term 
C)long-term 
D)episodic

Question 65

Which memories are easiest to verbalize?​ 

A)sensory 
B)procedural 
C)declarative 
D)implicit

Question 66

Which of the following is an example of a procedural memory?​ 

A)where you were when you heard about the Twin Towers being attacked 
B)the name of your psychology professor 
C)how to play your guitar 
D)what you had for breakfast this morning

Question 67

Buffers for auditory,visual,and combined types of information are managed by a "central executive" in _________ memory.​ 

A)sensory 
B)working 
C)long-term 
D)episodic

Question 68

Elizabeth was sharing a story with a friend about her first dog.In order to do so,she had to use her _________ memory.​ 

A)sensory 
B)working 
C)episodic 
D)semantic

Question 69

Basic knowledge of facts and language are stored in _________ memory.​ 

A)procedural 
B)episodic 
C)sensory 
D)semantic

Question 70

Which of the following is an example of an episodic memory?​ 

A)what happened at your best childhood birthday party ever 
B)the meaning of the word exculpatory. 
C)the name of the first president of the United States 
D)how to ride a bike

Question 71

Which memories are easiest to demonstrate?​ 

A)sensory 
B)procedural 
C)semantic and episodic 
D)explicit

Question 72

Before reading the chapter on Neurological Disorders in his biological psychology textbook,Christopher had never heard of brain worms.Once he had mastered this knowledge,information about brain worms became part of Christopher's _________ memory.​ 

A)sensory 
B)procedural 
C)implicit 
D)semantic

Question 73

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?​ 

A)the name of the first president of the United States 
B)what happened at your best childhood birthday party ever 
C)how to ride a bike 
D)where you were when you heard about the Twin Towers being attacked

Question 74

Which of the following is an example memories that are recalled explicitly?​ 

A)classical conditioning 
B)sensitization 
C)procedural memory 
D)episodic memory

Question 75

Declarative memories include _________ memories.​ 

A)procedural and sensory 
B)episodic and semantic 
C)procedural and episodic 
D)semantic and sensory

Question 76

Jacob was looking for a piece of paper and a pencil to write down a new friend's telephone number.In order to hold the telephone number in memory,Jacob needed to use his _________ memory.​ 

A)sensory 
B)working 
C)procedural 
D)semantic

Question 77

Unlimited quantities of information can be held indefinitely in _________ memory.​ 

A)sensory 
B)short-term 
C)long-term 
D)working

Question 78

Information about motor skills and how to do specific activities is stored in _________ memory.​ 

A)procedural 
B)episodic 
C)sensory 
D) semantic​

Question 79

Which of the following is an example of a short-term memory?​ 

A)what you had for breakfast this morning 
B)the question you just read and are trying to answer 
C)your best friend's name 
D)the instructions your professor gave you when you began taking this exam

Question 80

Trace conditioning provides an excellent animal model for which of the following types of memory in humans?​ 

A)sensory 
B)working 
C)declarative 
D)procedural