Deck 6: A: Learning

Question 1

​Stimulus generalization is the extension of a conditioned response from the training stimulus to similar stimuli.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

​A conditioned response will be weak or absent if the unconditioned stimulus often occurs by itself.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

In Pavlov's experiments,the conditioned response was similar to the unconditioned response.​

Answer 3

True

Question 4

​Spontaneous recovery is a temporary return of an extinguished response after a delay.

Question 5

​Pavlov paired the sound from a metronome with the presentation of food and measured the dog's salivation response.The sound from the metronome is known as the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 6

​In operant conditioning,the subject's behavior determines an outcome and is affected by the outcome.

Question 7

After watching cats escape from puzzle boxes,Thorndike concluded that the cats gained an understanding of how to escape.​

Question 8

​Behaviorists study the differences between conscious and unconscious thought.

Question 9

​Today's behaviorists explain all behavior in terms of reactions to the stimuli immediately present in the environment.

Question 10

To extinguish a classically conditioned response is to eliminate it completely.​

Question 11

​The individual's behavior controls the presence or absence of reinforcement in both classical and operant conditioning.

Question 12

​In some cases,the conditioned response is significantly different from the unconditioned response.

Question 13

​Behaviorists avoid referring to mental states,such as thoughts and ideas.

Question 14

​Pavlov paired the sound from a metronome with the presentation of food and measured the dog's salivation response.Salivation in response to the food is known as the unconditioned response.

Question 15

​Extinction of a conditioned response is the same thing as forgetting.

Question 16

​Classical conditioning can help to explain drug tolerance.

Question 17

Almost anything could become a secondary reinforcer.​

Question 18

​Research has consistently supported Pavlov's view that conditioning depends on the growth of a new axon connection between two areas of the cortex.

Question 19

​Repeatedly presenting the CS without the UCS leads to the extinction of the CR.

Question 20

​Money is considered a primary reinforcer.

Question 21

​In Pavlov's experiments,a sound preceded food,which evoked salivation.When the sound also evokes salivation,we call the salivation the _________ response.

Question 22

​Correlational studies have found that children who are spanked tend to be more aggressive and more prone to antisocial behavior later in life when compared to other children.

Question 23

According to Thorndike,the process of increasing the future probability of the most recent response is called ___________.​

Question 24

​Psychologists' opposition to spanking comes from many experiments with random assignment to groups.

Question 25

​If you eat something,either shock or nausea would be equally effective in teaching you to avoid that taste.

Question 26

​In operant conditioning,"shaping" a response means putting the animal into the correct position and posture to make the response.

Question 27

Both positive and negative reinforcement increase the probability of a behavior.

Question 28

​In classical conditioning,repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus produces ______________.

Question 29

In classical conditioning a researcher takes an animal through extinction and then waits a while.If the response returns without additional training,we call it _________  __________.​

Question 30

​Birds that learn their song don't begin to learn it until they are old enough to begin singing.

Question 31

In Pavlov's experiment the conditioned response was similar to the ____________________.​

Question 32

​In Pavlov's experiments,a sound preceded food,which evoked salivation.We refer to the food as the ______ stimulus.

Question 33

​In classical and operant conditioning,any stimulus can be paired equally easily with any possible outcome.

Question 34

In operant conditioning,the procedure for extinction is simply to stop providing reinforcement.​

Question 35

​To produce extinction in classical conditioning,repeatedly present the __________ by itself.

Question 36

In Pavlov's experiments,a sound preceded food,which evoked salivation.We refer to the sound as the ______ stimulus.​

Question 37

Psychologists who study only observable actions,while avoiding discussion of mental processes,are called _______.​

Question 38

​An animal learns to avoid a food based on illness,even if it became ill hours later.

Question 39

If you have received reinforcement only occasionally for some action,your response will extinguish faster than it will for someone who received reinforcement every time.​

Question 40

An inborn,automatic connection between a stimulus and a response is called a (an)____________ reflex.​

Question 41

​In operant conditioning,a signal that indicates whether a response would be appropriate or inappropriate is called a ____________ stimulus.

Question 42

If an individual's behavior controls the presentation of reinforcement or punishment,we classify the learning as __________ conditioning​

Question 43

​If you have been recently deprived of the opportunity to do something that you ordinarily do,then the opportunity to do that activity will be reinforcing to you.This idea is known as the ____________ principle.

Question 44

​One type of learning that occurs even though the learner makes no response and receives no reinforcement is _________.

Question 45

​If a response leads to the avoidance of pain,the response increases by the process that psychologists call ____________ reinforcement.

Question 46

​If reinforcement sometimes occurs after three responses,sometimes after five,sometimes after seven,and so forth,then the schedule of reinforcement is _______  __________.

Question 47

​Pavlov theorized that pairing a CS with a UCS caused a path to grow between two brain areas,such that the learner reacted to the CS as if it were the UCS.Cite evidence AGAINST this theory.

Question 48

The process of establishing a new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations to it is known as ____________.​

Question 49

​Why do behaviorists argue that your thoughts do not cause your behaviors?

Question 50

​As soon as the TV show Jeopardy! is over,Tom feeds his dog.Now the dog starts salivating as soon as the program ends.Identify the UCS,UCR,CS,and CR.

Question 51

​The more similar a new stimulus is to the original reinforced stimulus,the more likely it is that it will elicit the same response.This phenomenon is known as ____________________.

Question 52

​According to Thorndike,responses that are followed by reinforcement become more probable.He called this the law of _________.

Question 53

The idea that evolution prepared us to learn some associations more easily than others is known as _________________.​

Question 54

If one stimulus predicts a second stimulus,which occurs regardless of the individual's behavior,then this type of learning is __________ conditioning.​

Question 55

If something has become reinforcing to you because you learned that it is associated with other reinforcers,then this new,learned reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer.​

Question 56

​The belief that you are able to do something successfully is known as self-_________.

Question 57

​A rat learns to press a lever to avoid an electric shock.This is an example of _______________ reinforcement.

Question 58

​Describe how classical conditioning could explain drug tolerance.

Question 59

​In conditioned taste aversion,animals learn to avoid a food because it was paired with _________.

Question 60

In operant conditioning,continued responding without any reinforcement results in ___________.​

Question 61

Suppose you want to train your roommate to keep his/her side of the room clean.According to the disequilibrium principle,how should you start?​

Question 62

​In which type of learning does an individual readily associate one event with another event that happens minutes or hours later?