Deck 6: Cell Structure and Internal Compartments

Question 1

The boundary structure that physically defines a cell is the

A)plasma membrane.
B)protein channel.
C)hydrophilic layer.
D)phospholipid side chain.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following statements is false?

A)Eukaryotes use RNA as the hereditary genetic material.
B)Eukaryotes can be multicellular.
C)Eukaryotes have a membrane-enclosed nucleus.
D)Eukaryotes have membrane-enclosed organelles.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Volvox, the multicellular green alga shown below, has flagellated cells on its surface cells but not on interior cells. How might this condition develop?

A)Interior cells attempt to grow flagella, but the lack of open space suppresses the effort.
B)Interior cells discard the genetic instructions for flagella once their interior position is established.
C)The commitment of resources for photosynthesis reduces the availability of protein and other biomolecules needed to produce flagella.
D)Signals from surface cells or the absence of signals from the environment to the plasma membranes of the interior cells suppresses the growth of flagella.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The magnification of a specimen by a light microscope is a result of

A)the bending of light as it passes through glass lenses.
B)the focusing of electron beams by magnets.
C)the reflection of light off a specimen.
D)using chemicals to physically enlarge cells.

Question 5

The word fluid in the term fluid mosaic model refers to the fact that

A)membranes are a patchwork of lipids and proteins.
B)membranes are selectively permeable.
C)the proteins within a membrane freely move around.
D)the membrane assembles and disassembles as necessary for cell function.

Question 6

A screen door allows breezes to enter and aromas to exit but keeps out insects. Its function most resembles

A)the cytosol.
B)the plasma membrane.
C)the ER lumen.
D)a ribosome.

Question 7

The definition of life is somewhat arbitrary; the critical aspect(s)that currently define(s)cells as living structures is (are)

A)structural organization, energy-dependence, and self-replication.
B)nucleic acid housed within a protective protein-based container.
C)size: any carbon-based molecular assembly between 0.1 and 1 µm.
D)the presence of at least two classically recognized organelles.

Question 8

The plasma membrane of a cell and the membrane boundaries of organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts serve similar functions. What is one of the main functions of the membranes of both cells and organelles?

A)They keep reactants near each other to speed biological reactions.
B)They allow external chemicals to diffuse freely into and out of the cell.
C)They encourage cellular respiration at the membrane boundaries.
D)They keep water out of the cell and organelle interiors.

Question 9

A cell you view under a microscope has a cell wall and chromosomes but no nucleus. The cell you are viewing could be a

A)human muscle cell.
B)cell from the leaf of a maple tree.
C)bacterium recovered from the large intestine of a mammal.
D)cell from the skin of a potato.

Question 10

Multicellularity does not characterize all types of organisms living today; which eukaryotic kingdoms retain unicellular representatives?

A)protists (slime mold), plants (algae), and fungi (yeast)
B)animals (plasmodium), plants (algae), and fungi (yeast)
C)protists (algae) and fungi (yeast)
D)animals (plasmodium), protists (algae), and fungi (yeast)

Question 11

What components of the plasma membrane of an animal cell would you find at its innermost surface, directly exposed to the cytoplasm?

A)phospholipid tails only
B)proteins only
C)phospholipid heads and proteins
D)phospholipid heads and nucleic acids

Question 12

That multicellularity _____ provides strong evidence of its adaptive value.

A)evolved independently within various eukaryotic groups
B)first emerged about 1.5 billion years ago
C)reduces the potential for predation
D)allows an organism with relatively small cells to develop a large body

Question 13

Imagine examining a cell using a light microscope; a prokarotye could be distinguished from a eukaryote by the absence of

A)DNA.
B)a plasma membrane.
C)a nucleus.
D)a cell wall.

Question 14

The sizes of several biological structures are indicated in the figure below.
Which of the following is the smallest structure you could see with a light microscope?

A)viruses
B)frog egg
C)most bacteria
D)ribosomes

Question 15

Multicellularity offers a variety of advantages to an organism; among the most important is

A)reproductive potential-when separated each individual cell is capable of independent survival.
B)genetic specialization-each cell can eliminate unnecessary genetic material and produce replicate (backup) copies of essential genetic material.
C)adaptive size-single cells remain constrained by surface area-volume relationships, but collectively the organism can enlarge to the extent that is most advantageous.
D)protective-if partially consumed by predators, the remainder of the organism can replenish the missing cells.

Question 16

Which of the following structures in not found in all types of cells?

A)cytoplasm
B)ribosomes
C)a nucleus
D)a plasma membrane

Question 17

Which of the following statements is false?

A)The plasma membrane prevents some molecules from entering the cell.
B)The plasma membrane prevents some molecules from leaving the cell.
C)The plasma membrane receives signals from the outside environment.
D)The plasma membrane is the storehouse for each cell's genetic information.

Question 18

Advancement in biology was hindered by the concept of spontaneous generation, the belief that nonliving objects could spontaneously come to life. What aspect of the cell theory specifically refutes this idea?

A)Every living organism is composed of one or more cells.
B)All living cells come from preexisting cells.
C)Cells are the smallest unit of life possible on Earth.
D)The components of a cell do not individually retain the distinctive characteristics of life.

Question 19

The part of the plasma membrane that is in contact with the external environment of the cell consists of

A)hydrophobic portions of the constituent molecules.
B)hydrophilic portions of the constituent molecules.
C)neutral (uncharged) molecules.
D)nonpolar ends of the constituent molecules.

Question 20

Which statement best describes the relationship between cell surface area, volume, and average width or radius?

A)Bigger cells have more surface area, more volume, more storage capacity, and are adaptively superior.
B)Spherical cells have a more favorable relationship between surface area and volume, which explains why red blood cells and most bacteria are spherical.
C)The rate of increase of volume exceeds that of surface area; membrane transport becomes progressively inefficient as cell size increases.
D)Since each feature is determined geometrically, the ratios for any two measurements remains constant regardless of overall cell size.

Question 21

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are primarily distinguished by the absence or presence of internal membrane-bound organelles. Are prokaryotic cells at an evolutionary disadvantage because they lack organelles?

A)Yes; without organelles, prokaryotic cells cannot photosynthesize or respire.
B)Yes; without organelles, prokaryotes are unable to bring together the reactants needed for biological reactions.
C)No; although prokaryotic cells are comparatively less efficient than eukaryotic cells, they are still able to carry out the processes necessary for survival and reproduction.
D)No; eukaryotic organelles are expelled each time the cell divides.

Question 22

Certain cells in the mouth produce large amounts of the enzyme amylase, a component of saliva that hydrolyzes carbohydrate. Which of the following organelles would be expected to be especially abundant in these cells?

A)chloroplasts
B)mitochondria
C)rough endoplasmic reticulum
D)lysosomes

Question 23

The relative abundance of a specific organelle is often predictable when cell function is considered; for example, the _____ could be expected to contain more lysosomes than an average cell.

A)photosynthetic cells of a leaf
B)brain cells that produce large amounts of proteins to send signals to other cells
C)acid- and enzyme-producing cells that line your stomach
D)cells that roam around your body engulfing and consuming bacteria

Question 24

The boundary that surrounds the contents of the nucleus is the

A)plasma membrane.
B)nuclear envelope.
C)nuclear pore.
D)cytosol.

Question 25

When looking through a light microscope at a plant leaf, you notice small green organelles moving around in the cytoplasm of every cell. What organelle are you most likely seeing?

A)mitochondria
B)chloroplasts
C)lysosomes
D)ribosomes

Question 26

Molecules of _____ are consumed by mitochondria during cellular respiration.

A)O2
B)CO2
C)H2O
D)NO2

Question 27

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A)is the site where lipids destined for other cellular compartments are manufactured.
B)produces the energy needed to run chemical reactions in the cell.
C)converts sunlight into chemical energy.
D)stores water, nutrients, and enzymes.

Question 28

Which of the following would you find in the cells that produce the mucus that lines the nasal cavities?

A)vesicles
B)grana
C)flagella
D)thylakoids

Question 29

Which of the following statements is true of chloroplasts?

A)They produce proteins used by other parts of the cell.
B)They capture energy from sunlight.
C)They give an animal cell its shape.
D)They contain an entire copy of a cell's genetic material.

Question 30

Which of the following statements is true?

A)All types of eukaryotic cells have the same structure, appearance, and function.
B)Different eukaryotic cells contain different numbers and types of organelles depending on the specific tasks they must perform.
C)Bacterial cells contain membrane-bound organelles.
D)Plant and animal cells have the same structure and organelles.

Question 31

The process of photosynthesis

A)breaks down sugars to create ATP.
B)traps light energy in an energy carrier like ATP.
C)produces carbon dioxide.
D)occurs in some animal cells.

Question 32

Lysosomes are organelles responsible for the breakdown of macromolecules. Why is it useful to have the lysosomal reactions compartmentalized rather than allowing them to take place freely in the cytoplasm of the cell?

A)The lysosome's enzymes would break down cellular macromolecules that should remain intact.
B)If these reactions took place in the cytoplasm, their host cells would become prokaryotic.
C)The presence of lysosomes allows vesicles to form more quickly.
D)The absence of lysosomes would cause animal cells' vacuoles to burst.

Question 33

The Golgi apparatus

A)is the place where a cell's genetic material is stored.
B)sorts proteins and lipids and sends them to their final destination.
C)captures energy from sunlight and sends it to mitochondria.
D)creates energy by converting ribosomes to proteins.

Question 34

Which of the following would be the best analogy for the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A)the machine that assembles a product
B)a worker in a factory who places labels on products and then packs them into a shipping box
C)the garbage truck that hauls away the wastes produced as a product is made
D)the blueprints for making the product

Question 35

The nucleolus is

A)the region of the cell where chromosomes are found.
B)the name of the double layer of membranes that forms the boundary of the nucleus.
C)the region of the nucleus where ribosome production begins.
D)a piece of DNA wrapped around proteins.

Question 36

Ribosomes are very small nonmembranous organelles associated with the synthesis of

A)protein.
B)DNA.
C)membrane phospholipid.
D)the membranous organelles.

Question 37

Using an electron microscope, you notice an organelle that consists of stacks of membranes and appears to be producing vesicles. This organelle is most likely

A)endoplasmic reticulum.
B)the nucleus.
C)a mitochondrion
D)a Golgi apparatus.

Question 38

The inner membranes of both mitochondria and chloroplasts are folded into various arrangements. What is the advantage of having a folded membrane rather than a simple interior membrane that follows the same oval shape as the exterior membrane?

A)The folds in the membranes are a physical barrier for compounds attempting to enter the organelle.
B)The folds allow for more surface area for the chemical reactions that occur across the inner membranes.
C)The folds allow these organelles to interact more efficiently with Golgi bodies.
D)The folds cause a necessary change in the organelles' internal pH.

Question 39

Which of the following is not a function of the plant vacuole?

A)storage of ions, pigments, and toxins
B)production of ATP
C)breakdown of macromolecules with enzymes
D)support of overall plant structure

Question 40

Your muscle cells need large amounts of ATP to function in the movement of your body. Which of the following organelles would you expect to be especially abundant in muscle cells?

A)mitochondria
B)ribosomes
C)smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D)lysosomes

Question 41

At the most basic level of life, organic compounds are organized into energy-dependent, self-replicating units known as ____________________.

Question 42

The membrane known as the _____ contains light-capturing pigments like chlorophyll.

A)pore
B)envelope
C)crista
D)thylakoid

Question 43

The ____________________includes the entire contents of a cell except for the nucleus.

Question 44

Which of the following statements is false?

A)Actin filaments can change rapidly in length.
B)Actin filaments define the paths for vesicle movement within the cell.
C)Actin filaments allow cells to change shape.
D)Actin filaments allow cells to move.

Question 45

Protists use cilia to move within their habitat, but ciliated human cells like those in the bronchi are always anchored to one another and to an extracellular matrix; what benefit does cilia provide these cells?

A)Ciliary movement can dislodge infective bacteria before they permanently fasten to the plasma membrane.
B)The oxygen content of the extracellular fluid can be increased by agitation with cilia.
C)Ciliary movement can create currents that move secretions like mucus over the surface of a tissue.
D)all of the above

Question 46

Which of the following is correctly matched?

A)cilia-microfilaments
B)flagella-tubulin
C)pseudopodia-intermediate filaments
D)microfilaments-keratin

Question 47

The protist that causes malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, is unusual in that it is an intracellular parasite. Most parasites are too large to enter cells. How does P. falciparum accomplish its entry?

A)By inserting a pore into the cell membrane and later using the pore as an entry portal.
B)By pushing aside the phospholipids and sliding through.
C)By digesting one of the membrane proteins and moving through the vacant space produced by its removal.
D)By moving through the channel of a transport protein.

Question 48

Which of the following components contribute to the structure of the cytoskeleton of a cell?

A)microtubules and actin filaments
B)pseudopodia and motor proteins
C)chloroplasts and mitochondria
D)the cell wall and plasma membrane

Question 49

Which of the following statements about mitochondria and chloroplasts is false?

A)They were probably primitive eukaryotic cells.
B)They contain their own DNA.
C)They are able to make some proteins.
D)They reproduce independently of the cell in which they reside.

Question 50

Membrane-enclosed structures in eukaryotic cells are called ____________________.

Question 51

The cell in the figure below is moving by producing pseudopodia. This type of movement is a result of the reorganization of a certain component of the cytoskeleton (labeled).
The various labeled lines in the figure above show

A)microtubules elongating at the leading edge of movement.
B)microfilaments disassembling at the trailing edge of movement.
C)different types of intermediate filaments located in different parts of the cell.
D)motor proteins attached to microtubules pushing the plasma membrane forward.

Question 52

Biologists call an agent that spreads an infectious disease a vector. What is the vector for malaria?

A)a protist of the species Plasmodium
B)a mosquito of the species Anopheles
C)a bacterium of the species Listeria
D)The vector is presently unidentified.

Question 53

Which of the following works like a propeller?

A)the eukaryotic flagella
B)the prokaryotic flagella
C)the eukaryotic cilia
D)the prokaryotic cilia

Question 54

Microtubules are responsible for

A)moving and positioning organelles inside the cell.
B)the formation of pseudopodia.
C)reinforcing and supporting cell structure.
D)strengthening skin cells.

Question 55

Organisms whose cells lack internal membrane-bound organelles are classified as ____________________.

Question 56

The ____________________ model describes the plasma membrane as a mobile mixture of phospholipids and proteins.

Question 57

Certain ____________________ in a cell's membrane form channels through which ions and molecules may pass.

Question 58

The contents of cells are often visualized with fluorescent (glow-in-the-dark)stains. You treat a cell with a stain that makes a certain part of the cytoskeleton glow green and another stain that makes mitochondria glow red. Under the microscope you see a meshwork of green filaments throughout the cell. Red organelles appear to be traveling along the filaments. The green stain you used must stain

A)microtubules.
B)microfilaments.
C)intermediate filaments.
D)motor proteins.

Question 59

Chemical reactions occur more efficiently in ____________________ because their reactants are concentrated within a specialized compartment.

Question 60

The figure below shows a mitochondrion, emphasizing its inner and outer membranes.
The inner membrane of the mitochondria is thought to have evolved from

A)a bit of plasma membrane from the early eukaryotic cell that engulfed a bacterium.
B)the membrane surrounding the lysosome that engulfed a bacterium once it was inside an early eukaryotic cell.
C)the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell.
D)infoldings of the plasma membrane of an early eukaryotic cell.

Question 61

The hydrophobic portions of a membrane's phospholipid bilayer are oriented toward the interior of the membrane.

Question 62

Certain cells found in humans are identical to certain cells found in plants.

Question 63

The ____________________ is the place where the genetic material of a eukaryotic cell is stored.

Question 64

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles.

Question 65

A membrane that is selectively permeable causes damage to the cell by allowing solutes to enter and leave the cell indiscriminately.

Question 66

____________________ pinch off from a membrane, enclose material, and then fuse with another membrane to release their contents at their destination.

Question 67

The ____________________ found in eukaryotic cells have cristae.

Question 68

Nuclear pores allow the nucleus to pass through the plasma membrane.

Question 69

A microscope is used to obtain a magnified view of an object.

Question 70

____________________ are the part of the cytoskeleton that provides mechanical strength to cells and reinforces the membranes of organelles.

Question 71

In eukaryotic cells, most of the ATP used for cellular reactions is produced by the specialized, membrane-enclosed compartments know as ____________________.

Question 72

A ribosome has internal cristae.

Question 73

During the process of photosynthesis, ____________________ is given off as a by-product.

Question 74

The ____________________ has a double membrane but no cristae.

Question 75

Humans become infected with malaria when bitten by an infected mosquito, whereas mosquitoes become infected after having bitten an infected ____________________.

Question 76

In the chloroplast, pancake-like membranes known as ____________________ are arranged into stacks of grana.

Question 77

The ____________________ endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ribosomes.

Question 78

All of the energy in the food we eat is produced when organelles in plants called ____________________ convert the energy in sunlight to chemical energy.

Question 79

The microfilaments that allow cells to move contain the protein ____________________.

Question 80

Prokaryotic cells are generally larger than eukaryotic cells.