Deck 8: Trait Theory: the Five-Factor Model: Applications and Evaluation of the Trait Approach

Question 1

The best measure of OCEAN is

A) EPI.
B)16PF.
C) NEO-PI.
D) water jug test.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The person responsible for the fundamental lexical hypothesis is

A) Allport.
B) Eysenck.
C) Goldberg.
D) Costa.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The NEO-PI is a

A) projective test.
B) questionnaire.
C) disguised test.
D) instructional test.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to the fundamental lexical hypothesis

A) language determines thinking.
B) language determines behavior.
C) language expresses observations.
D) none of the above.

Question 5

Which of the following is not a pair?

A) Eysenck - EPI, EPQ.
B) Cattell - 16PF.
C) Five-factor model - NEO-PI.
D) all of the above are pairs.

Question 6

Which of the following is not one of the Big 5?

A) conscientiousness.
B) honesty.
C) neuroticism.
D) agreeableness.

Question 7

Which of the following is not a basis for support for the five factor model?

A) results from questionnaires.
B) results from projective tests.
C) results from ratings.
D) all of the above provide support.

Question 8

The existence of universal terms for describing individual differences would be __________ an evolutionary perspective.

A) consistent with
B) inconsistent with
C) simultaneously consistent AND inconsistent with
D) irrelevant to

Question 9

Results from the NEO-PI would be expected to be most similar to those from the

A) Rorschach.
B) TAT.
C) clinical interview.
D) none of the above.

Question 10

Costa and McCrae argue that the NEO-PI in relation to the basic dimensions of personality is

A) necessary.
B) sufficient.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).

Question 11

The NEO-PI correlates well with scores from the

A) EPI.
B) 16PF.
C) Q-sort.
D) all of the above.

Question 12

The factor that shows least cross-cultural replicability is

A) neuroticism.
B) extraversion.
C) conscientiousness.
D) openness to experience.

Question 13

The NEO-PI provides for

A) self-ratings.
B) spouse ratings.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).

Question 14

Self-ratings on the NEO-PI would be expected to show greatest agreement with

A) OT data.
B) spouse ratings.
C) projective test scores.
D) clinical interviews.

Question 15

Five-factor model is to NEO-PI as

A) Freud is to id.
B) Rogers is to self.
C) Cattell is to 16 PF.
D) Allport is to factor analysis.

Question 16

Studies on animal personality suggest

A) fundamental differences between human and chimp personality structures.
B) personality descriptions of other species express anthropomorphizing.
C) non-primates have the same personality structure as humans.
D) there is evidence for continuity of personality structure among the species.

Question 17

The fundamental lexical hypothesis suggests that people

A) encode into language important individual differences.
B) encode into language basic biological determinants.
C) are different from one another.
D) rely on language to communicate ideas.

Question 18

The term Big 5 comes from

A) Goldberg.
B) Costa.
C) McCrae.
D) Buss.

Question 19

The Five-factor model is most similar to

A) Allport.
B) Eysenck.
C) Cattell.
D) Mischel.

Question 20

A problem with cross-cultural research on the Big Five is

A) translations across languages.
B) nationalism.
C) obtaining subjects.
D) all of the above.

Question 21

At an extreme end of a trait dimension, personality can be

A) adaptive.
B) pathological.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).

Question 22

According to McCrae and Costa, the Big Five have

A) a biological basis.
B) an environmental basis.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).

Question 23

The text suggests support for the following

A) the child is father to the man.
B) change does occur in traits.
C) stability of overall structure with individual change.
D) all of the above.

Question 24

McCrae and Costa's view of the Big Five is that they are similar to

A) motives.
B) cognitions.
C) temperament.
D) the self.

Question 25

Disagreement concerning trait measures is greatest concerning

A) factors.
B) facets.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).

Question 26

Research on age differences during adulthood are faced with the problem of

A) age effects.
B) cohort effects.
C) cultural differences.
D) gender differences.

Question 27

Cross-cultural research on age trends suggests

A) the same pattern of personality trait change.
B) varying patterns of personality trait change.
C) western vs. nonwestern differences in personality trait change.
D) developing countries vs. developed countries differences in personality trait change.

Question 28

The text suggests that the Big Five model can integrate the work of

A) Eysenck.
B) Cattell.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).

Question 29

McCrae and Costa's view of the basis for the Big Five is captured by the term

A) unshared environment.
B) shared environment.
C) characteristic adaptations.
D) intrinsic maturation.

Question 30

According to the Five-Factor Model, personality disorders are best understood as

A) stereotypes.
B) distinct categories.
C) extremes of traits.
D) all of the above.

Question 31

Overall, cross-cultural research on the Big Five suggests that

A) none of the traits are universal
B) all of the Big Five are pretty universal.
C) at least three of the Big Five are universal.
D) only one of the Big Five is universal.

Question 32

The text suggests that the data support the view that

A) personality is more stable over short than long periods of time.
B) personality is more stable in adulthood than childhood.
C) there are individual differences in trait stability.
D) all of the above.

Question 33

Cattell's factors seem most comparable to the NEO-PI's

A) factors.
B) facets.
C) items.
D) none of the above.

Question 34

According to McCrae and Costa, life choices and the self-concept are formed out of

A) basic biological tendencies.
B) characteristic adaptations.
C) external events.
D) all of the above.

Question 35

McCrae and Costa suggest that

A) progressions of personality development depend on culture.
B) progressions of personality development depend on historical context.
C) progressions of personality development are fixed in order and time.
D) none of the above.

Question 36

According to the concept of intrinsic maturation, personality traits are

A) largely uninfluenced by the environment.
B) largely influenced by the environment.
C) unpredictable in their development.
D) developed out of characteristic adaptations.

Question 37

In their study of conscientious behavior, Mischel and Peake found that such behavior

A) shows little temporal stability.
B) shows little cross-situational consistency.
C) shows high levels of both temporal stability and cross-situational consistency.
D) (a) and (b).

Question 38

The text suggests that cross-cultural trait comparisons may depend on whether

A) subjects are of comparable age.
B) subjects are of comparable intelligence.
C) indigenous terms are used.
D) researchers are from the US.

Question 39

Research by Ravenna Helson and colleagues examining the lives of women who were studied over long periods of time found that

A) women's personalities did not change over time no matter what their life experiences.
B) women who were involved in the women's movement became more confident and empowered.
C) women who entered the workforce became neurotic.
D) None of the above.

Question 40

Relative to personality structure in adulthood, that in childhood is

A) more complex.
B) less integrated.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).

Question 41

Recent research on the five-factor model indicates that

A) all individual persons display all of the personality traits in the five-factor model
B) no individual people have any of the five-factor personality traits
C) individual people may show personality tendencies that vary from the population structure
D) none of the above

Question 42

At this point in time, evidence in support of trait stability

A) is better for longitudinal stability than for cross-situational stability.
B) is better for cross-situational stability than for longitudinal stability.
C) is very good for both kinds of stability.
D) is very good for neither kind of stability.

Question 43

The evidence is best that people behave consistently

A) within domains of situations.
B) across domains of situations.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).

Question 44

A problem with the trait concept is that

A) there is little evidence of constitutional differences in people.
B) it presents too static a picture.
C) it cannot be applied to individuals.
D) all of the above.

Question 45

Critics of trait theory mostly focus on the problem of

A) cross-situational consistency.
B) longitudinal consistency.
C) multivariate research.
D) hierarchical organization.

Question 46

A limitation of trait theory is that it

A) does not get at individual differences.
B) investigates but few variables at a time.
C) uses static rather than dynamic concepts.
D) cannot integrate science and religion the way Rogers did.

Question 47

Concerning developmental aspects of traits, research suggests a relationship between

A) early temperament and later traits.
B) childhood and greater trait complexity.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).

Question 48

Research by Twenge indicates that, in the past few decades, scores on the personality trait of anxiety have ___________ in the population at large.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) remain unchanged

Question 49

The trait position suggests

A) consistency over a range of situations.
B) many behaviors expressive of a trait.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).

Question 50

People may be stable in their behavior because

A) they select as well as respond to situations.
B) stereotypes are formed of people.
C) constitutional factors predispose toward some trait stability.
D) all of the above.

Question 51

Trait psychologists favor questionnaires because they

A) permit sampling over a range of situations.
B) trust people.
C) basically are phenomenologists.
D) all of the above.

Question 52

Trait data on Jim brought out his

A) mood swings.
B) strong appetite.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).

Question 53

Relative to older adults, adolescents and young adults score

A) higher on neuroticism.
B) higher on extraversion.
C) lower on agreeableness.
D) all of the above.

Question 54

The text suggests that trait theory is

A) growing in popularity.
B) declining in popularity.
C) in a state of disarray.
D) similar to Rogerian theory.

Question 55

Which of the following is not a likely contribution to trait stability?

A) genes.
B) people select their environments.
C) others respond in stable ways.
D) all of these contribute to stability.

Question 56

Laboratory situations are problematic for the study of traits because

A) they emphasize one variable at a time.
B) the results don't agree with questionnaire results.
C) they restrict the range of individual differences.
D) they are low in reliability.

Question 57

NEO-PI data on Jim suggested that he and his wife disagreed on the trait(s) of

A) N.
B) A.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).

Question 58

The Five-Factor Model appears to be useful in

A) describing personality disorders.
B) explaining personality disorders.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).

Question 59

Which is not a strength of trait theory?

A) investigation of relationships among many variables.
B) emphasis on multiple research strategies.
C) development of assessment devices.
D) development of static concepts.

Question 60

Concerning the number of basic trait factors,

A) five is just about right.
B) some suggest more and some suggest fewer.
C) ultimately factor analysis will tell us exactly how many is best.
D) it all depends on the subject being studied.

Question 61

Women but not men become increasingly conscientious with age.

Question 62

Evidence of trait stability indicates that environments are unimportant in development.

Question 63

McCrae and Costa give equal emphasis to genes and environment.

Question 64

The discovery of the basic structure of personality through the factor analysis of ratings is comparable to the methods used in physics and chemistry.

Question 65

A problem with the five-factor model is that it shows no links with other personality concepts.

Question 66

The Big Five can usefully integrate the work of Cattell and Eysenck.

Question 67

The NEO-PI was specifically designed to measure the basic five factors.

Question 68

Personality is more stable in adulthood than in childhood.

Question 69

McCrae and Costa suggest there is an intrinsic maturation to personality.

Question 70

According to the five-factor model, personality disorders represent pathological conditions distinct from normal personality.

Question 71

Eysenck's three factors can be located in the Big Five.

Question 72

Personality trait structure in childhood is the same as in adulthood.

Question 73

Proponents of the NEO-PI also advocate the use of projective tests in the study of personality.

Question 74

People become increasingly conscientious with age.

Question 75

If research suggests that some traits are universal, whereas others are unique to specific
cultures, then the fundamental lexical hypothesis is completely invalid.

Question 76

Research by Twenge on historical changes in personality traits scores _____ five-factor theory.

A) supports
B) contradicts
C) is irrelevant to

Question 77

According to Ashton and colleagues' analyses, what sixth factor did proponents of the Big Five miss?

A) Openness.
B) Honesty/humility.
C) Conscientiousness.
D) Psychoticism.

Question 78

The Big Five factor showing the least cross-instrument agreement is Openness.

Question 79

The fundamental lexical hypothesis suggests that people basically are language oriented.

Question 80

According to the Big Five, intelligence is a major component of personality.