Deck 8: Learning and Memory

Question 1

________ is the process of acquiring new information,whereas ________ is the trace that results from this process and can be revealed at a later time.

A)Recall / recognition
B)Recognition / recall
C)Learning / memory
D)Memory / learning

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Visual sensory memory is to ________ as auditory sensory memory is to ________.

A)iconic memory / echoic memory
B)partial report / whole report
C)echoic memory / iconic memory
D)whole report / partial report

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to the modal model of memory,information that is currently held within short-term memory originates from

A)sensory memory.
B)working memory.
C)both sensory and working memory.
D)neither sensory nor working memory.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Organizing individual bits of information into higher-order units can increase the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory.This strategy is called

A)the recency effect.
B)encoding.
C)the serial position effect.
D)chunking.

Question 5

Research using the mismatch field (MMF),which is the magnetic equivalent of the mismatch negativity (MMN),has suggested that auditory sensory memory has a duration of about

A)10 milliseconds.
B)100 milliseconds.
C)1 second.
D)10 seconds.

Question 6

Implicit memory is to ________ as explicit memory is to ________.

A)priming / episodic memory
B)conditioning / priming
C)episodic memory / semantic memory
D)procedural learning / nondeclarative learning

Question 7

A patient visits a neurologist and complains of memory problems like remembering telephone numbers.After a few tests,the neurologist determines that there is a large impairment in the digit span,but no impairment in remembering the past or in forming new memories.Which brain area is the most likely to be impaired?

A)The left medial temporal lobe
B)The right medial temporal lobe
C)The left perisylvian cortex
D)The right perisylvian cortex

Question 8

George Miller and other investigators found that humans can hold about ________ items in short-term memory at a time.

A)Three plus or minus two.
B)Five plus or minus two.
C)Seven plus or minus two.
D)Nine plus or minus two.

Question 9

One major difference between the visual icon and the auditory echo is that the

A)visual icon is a sensory memory representation,whereas the auditory echo is a short-term memory representation.
B)auditory echo lasts longer than the visual icon.
C)visual icon is a type of explicit memory,but the auditory echo is a type of implicit memory.
D)auditory echo involves conscious recollection,whereas the visual icon does not.

Question 10

Declarative or explicit memory is knowledge that

A)one can access consciously.
B)one cannot access consciously.
C)is a form of sensory memory.
D)is a form of short-term memory.

Question 11

The component that is responsible for acoustically coding information in working memory is the

A)visuospatial sketchpad.
B)central executive.
C)phonological loop.
D)subvocal loop.

Question 12

________ memory,according to the modal model of memory,holds a great amount of information,but only for a very brief duration.

A)Long-term
B)Short-term
C)Working
D)Sensory

Question 13

Of the following choices,damage to the ________ is most likely to result in impairment to the visuospatial sketch pad,or visual working memory.

A)parietal-occipital cortex
B)medial temporal lobe
C)hippocampus
D)perisylvian region

Question 14

________ refers to the processing of incoming information to be stored.

A)Retrieval
B)Recall
C)Encoding
D)Explicit memory

Question 15

One finding that supports the idea that information in working memory is represented by an acoustic (auditory)code rather than a semantic (meaning-based)code is that when participants are given a list of words to learn and then are immediately tested for recall,

A)performance is worse when the list contains items that are similar in meaning.
B)performance is better when the list contains items that are similar in meaning.
C)performance is worse when the list contains items that are similar in sound.
D)performance is better when the list contains items that are similar in sound.

Question 16

The term ________ refers to a limited-capacity store that not only retains information over the short term (maintenance)but also permits the performance of mental operations with the contents of this store (manipulation).

A)working memory
B)short-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)long-term memory

Question 17

The encoding of information to be stored involves two stages: ________,in which inputs in sensory buffers and sensory analysis stages are registered,and then ________,in which a stronger representation for storage is created.

A)consolidation / storage
B)storage / retrieval
C)retrieval / acquisition
D)acquisition / consolidation

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the flow of information in the Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)modal model of memory?

A)Short-term storage -> long-term storage -> sensory memory
B)Short-term storage -> sensory memory -> long-term storage
C)Sensory memory -> short-term storage -> long-term storage
D)Sensory memory -> long-term storage -> short-term storage

Question 19

Which of the following statements concerning types of memory in the modal model of memory is FALSE?

A)At any moment,there is more information in sensory memory than in short-term memory.
B)Some contents of sensory memory are selected via attention and next processed in long-term memory.
C)Sensory memory has a briefer duration than short-term memory.
D)Long-term memory has a longer duration than sensory memory.

Question 20

One property of the central executive mechanism proposed by Baddeley and Hitch is that

A)it controls the phonological loop but not the visuospatial sketch pad.
B)it is not modality specific.
C)it operates primarily over visual information.
D)it operates primarily over auditory information.

Question 21

Which brain structure is located in the medial temporal lobe and is of particular importance in the formation of new long-term memories?

A)The hypothalamus
B)The colliculus
C)The hippocampus
D)The caudate

Question 22

________ does NOT affect behavior consciously and can be measured only indirectly.

A)Nondeclarative memory
B)Declarative memory
C)Episodic memory
D)Explicit memory

Question 23

Chronic alcohol abuse,coupled with a vitamin-deficient diet,will likely damage what portion of the brain?

A)The pituitary
B)The hippocampus
C)The mammillary bodies
D)The basal ganglia

Question 24

Patient H.M.is to the ________ as patients with Korsakoff's syndrome are to the ________.

A)medial temporal lobes / cerebellum
B)cerebellum / diencephalon
C)diencephalon / medial temporal lobes
D)medial temporal lobes / diencephalon

Question 25

Which of the following statements is true of the kind of amnesia demonstrated by people with bilateral hippocampal damage (like Patients H.M.and R.B. )or people with diencephalon injury (like people with Korsakoff's syndrome)?

A)They forget their dates of birth.
B)They can still learn new skills such as the serial reaction time task after the injury.
C)They remember meeting new people after the injury.
D)They have good memory for learning facts after the injury but fail to show priming effects.

Question 26

After suffering a severe head injury,a patient demonstrates a dense anterograde amnesia.She

A)has trouble remembering events that occurred before the injury.
B)cannot remember events that occurred after the injury.
C)has equal difficulty remembering events that occurred before and after her injury.
D)has normal long-term memory but impaired working memory.

Question 27

Barbara remembers that Madrid is the capital of Spain,but she has no idea when or where she acquired this knowledge.Her ________ memory is accurate,but her ________ memory is incomplete.

A)semantic / episodic
B)nonassociative / semantic
C)episodic / implicit
D)explicit / implicit

Question 28

________ is the improvement in processing a stimulus as the result of previously having been exposed to that stimulus.

A)Nonassociative learning
B)Procedural learning
C)Priming
D)Conditioning

Question 29

A 1957 study of patients who had undergone removal of the medial temporal lobe for the treatment of epilepsy suggested that

A)the removal of either the right or the left medial temporal lobe results in profound amnesia.
B)greater amnesia is associated with the removal of the left medial temporal lobe.
C)greater amnesia is associated with the removal of the right medial temporal lobe.
D)profound amnesia is associated only with bilateral medial temporal lobe removal.

Question 30

How are the cognitive (memory)deficits suffered both by Patient H.M.and by people with Korsakoff's syndrome similar?

A)Both suffer from severe retrograde amnesia but not anterograde amnesia.
B)Both suffer from severe anterograde amnesia that is limited to declarative memory.
C)Both suffer from severe working memory deficits.
D)Both suffer from brain damage related to severe epilepsy.

Question 31

Following a case of encephalitis,a person has developed lesions in his anterior temporal lobes,but his medial temporal structures are intact.Which of the following is most likely to be true of this person?

A)The person has isolated anterograde amnesia.
B)The person has isolated retrograde amnesia.
C)The person has Korsakoff's syndrome.
D)The person has a specific deficit of implicit memory.

Question 32

After a brain injury,a person is found to have isolated retrograde amnesia.Which of the following brain regions is probably damaged?

A)The medial temporal lobes
B)The anterior temporal lobes
C)The superior parietal lobes
D)The dorsolateral frontal lobes

Question 33

It appears that the medial temporal lobes and the diencephalon are important in consolidating explicit long-term memories but are not themselves the storage sites for this knowledge because

A)most skills and habits acquired before injury of these structures will remain intact.
B)only priming and conditioning show signs of impairment following damage to these structures.
C)only nonassociative learning and priming show signs of impairment following damage to these structures.
D)most episodic and semantic memories acquired before injury of these structures will remain intact.

Question 34

Which of the following would be the MOST difficult for the famous Patient H.M.and other patients with medial temporal lobe removal?

A)Reading a string of numbers written on a piece of paper
B)Remembering a series of seven numbers for 20 seconds
C)Learning the words for numbers in a foreign language
D)Improving in the ability to write numbers with the nondominant hand

Question 35

_____________ refers to memory about the context (such as time or place)in which a fact was learned.

A)Implicit memory
B)Semantic memory
C)Nonassociative learning
D)Source memory

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT an area of cortex in the medial temporal lobe that interacts with the hippocampus in the formation of new long-term memories?

A)Cingulate
B)Entorhinal
C)Parahippocampal
D)Perirhinal

Question 37

Your favorite cartoon character has been struck over the head and can no longer remember his name or where he lives.This is an example of

A)anterograde aphasia.
B)retrograde aphasia.
C)anterograde amnesia.
D)retrograde amnesia.

Question 38

The memory performance of Patients K.F.and E.E. ,when compared to the memory performance of people with amnesia,such as Patient H.M,demonstrates a double dissociation between two types of memory.Which of the following statements best describes these results?

A)H.M.has a deficit limited to explicit memory,whereas K.F.and E.E.have deficits limited to implicit memory.
B)H.M.has a deficit limited to long-term memory,whereas K.F.and E.E.have deficits limited to short-term memory.
C)H.M.has anterograde amnesia,whereas K.F.and E.E.have retrograde amnesia.
D)H.M.has an injury to the medial temporal lobes,whereas K.F.and E.E.have injuries to the lateral temporal lobes.

Question 39

Classical conditioning is an example of a specific type of ________ memory.

A)priming
B)semantic
C)episodic
D)nondeclarative

Question 40

Deficits in memory as a function of brain damage,disease,or psychological trauma are known collectively as

A)aphasia.
B)agnosia.
C)anomia.
D)amnesia.

Question 41

Semantic memory is a kind of declarative memory that concerns events we recall from our own lives.

Question 42

Most forms of classical conditioning can be considered declarative memory.

Question 43

Imagine that a new drug is discovered that acts by depleting the brain of free magnesium ions.How would this drug affect long-term potentiation (LTP)?

A)The amount of LTP would increase.
B)The amount of LTP would decrease.
C)The amount of LTP would not change.
D)The amount of LTP would first decrease,then increase.

Question 44

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the role of NMDA receptors in mediating LTP in the brain?

A)NMDA receptors are critical to inducing LTP but not to maintaining LTP.
B)NMDA receptors block LTP in the brain unless magnesium ions are present.
C)NMDA receptors are depolarized by the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
D)NMDA receptors create LTP by transporting magnesium ions from outside the cell into the cell.

Question 45

Hebbian learning occurs when

A)a synapse is strengthened by the synchronous activity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
B)a synapse is weakened by the synchronous activity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
C)short-term memories represented in the hippocampus are consolidated to the cortex.
D)short-term memories represented in the cortex are consolidated to the hippocampus.

Question 46

Dopamine is the neurotransmitter most associated with long-term potentiation.

Question 47

Neuroimaging work has suggested that during the retrieval of a list of studied items,the hippocampus is most active

A)for items that are correctly recollected as old items.
B)for items that are incorrectly recollected as old items.
C)for items that are correctly rejected as new items.
D)for items that are incorrectly rejected as new items.

Question 48

Long-term potentiation does NOT occur unless the neurotransmitter ________ is present in the synapse to bind to postsynaptic NMDA receptors.

A)GABA
B)norepinephrine
C)serotonin
D)glutamate

Question 49

During memory retrieval,cortical regions that were important during encoding are reactivated.

Question 50

In the Atkinson and Shiffrin modal model,information can be lost by both decay and interference at each stage.

Question 51

Patients with damage to the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus typically do NOT have difficulty performing short-term memory tasks such as the digit span.

Question 52

Korsakoff's syndrome is associated with alcoholism.

Question 53

Neuroimaging studies of the left and right hemispheres in memory function indicate that

A)memory structures in the brain are similar in function in the left and right hemispheres.
B)encoding and retrieval processes in long-term memory may be lateralized to different hemispheres.
C)implicit memory function is localized primarily to the left hemisphere,whereas explicit memory is localized to the right hemisphere.
D)working memory information is processed primarily in the left hemisphere.

Question 54

People with amnesia often show preserved implicit learning and nondeclarative memory.

Question 55

Patient H.M.had severe retrograde amnesia.

Question 56

In the delayed nonmatching to sample task,animals are taught in a single trial that a specific object is associated with a food reward.When this object is shown again in a subsequent trial in the presence of a new object,the animal

A)must select the old object again to receive a food reward.
B)must select the new item to receive a food reward.
C)must select first the old item,then the new item,to receive a food reward.
D)must select first the new item,then the old item,to receive a food reward.

Question 57

Scott Grafton and colleagues (1995)discovered that implicit versus explicit learning of a motor sequence produced differing patterns of brain activation.The overall conclusion reached in this study was that

A)it is easier for participants to learn a motor task implicitly than to learn the task explicitly.
B)differences in brain activation patterns were all due to the effect of practice,such that participants who received more practice on the motor task produced less overall brain activation.
C)participants who were aware of the sequence showed subcortical activity when performing the task,whereas participants who were unaware of the sequence showed only cortical activity when performing the task.
D)separate brain systems appear to be involved in the regulation of explicitly learned versus implicitly learned motor skills.

Question 58

Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological work in memory has attempted to disentangle ________,which seems to implicate the hippocampus and the posterior parahippocampal cortex,from ________,which seems to implicate the entorhinal cortex.

A)acquisition / consolidation
B)consolidation / acquisition
C)recollection / familiarity
D)familiarity / recollection

Question 59

Lesions to the hippocampus typically do not result in profound memory problems unless the lesions also encompass the amygdala.

Question 60

Describe the Baddeley-Hitch model of working memory.In your answer,provide the names and descriptions for the three major components of the model,along with their likely neurological correlates.

Question 61

Your textbook describes several different proposed distinctions in memory,including short-term and long-term,declarative and nondeclarative,and episodic and semantic.How do these different terms interrelate? What evidence supports these distinctions?

Question 62

What is the difference between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia? Give examples of the kinds of memories that would (and would not)be impaired with each condition.

Question 63

Describe the phenomenon of long-term potentiation (LTP).How does blocking LTP affect memory?

Question 64

One of the most well-known neuropsychological case studies is the person known as Patient H.M.Describe the region of the brain that was damaged in H.M.and the resulting neuropsychological deficits and dissociations for which his case is known.