Deck 7: Probation and ISP: The Most Common Methods of Correctional Supervision in America

Question 1

At yearend 2008, approximately how many people were either on probation or parole, or in jail or prison?

A) 5.3 million
B) 6.3 million
C) 7.3 million
D) 8.3 million

Answer 1

7.3 million

Question 2

A combined short-term incarceration sentence immediately followed by probation is referred to as:

A) split sentence
B) probation
C) parole
D) community service

Answer 2

split sentence

Question 3

Release on one's personal word is referred to as:

A) probation
B) oral release
C) release on recognizance
D) community service

Answer 3

release on recognizance

Question 4

The most common type of offense for which probationers were under supervision at yearend 2008 was:

A) a drug offense
B) a violent offense
C) a property offense
D) a public order offense

Question 5

A philosophy of offender treatment that regards criminal behavior as a disease to be treated is:

A) the just deserts model
B) the medical model
C) the prescription model
D) the community model

Question 6

A philosophy of offender treatment that calls attention to the influence of the social environment on offending behavior is:

A) the treatment model
B) the medical model
C) the just deserts model
D) the community model

Question 7

In which philosophy of offender treatment are probation officers viewed as social workers engaged in counseling with their "clients," the probationers?

A) the just deserts model
B) the medical model
C) the prescription model
D) the community model

Question 8

In which philosophy of offender treatment do probation officers turn to community resources for therapeutic, employment, social, educational and vocational interventions?

A) the treatment model
B) the medical model
C) the brokerage model
D) the just deserts model

Question 9

Which philosophy of offender treatment focuses on punishment and supports a philosophy that calls for control, surveillance, and monitoring of probationers using technological tools such as GPS, remote- location monitoring and breathalyzers?

A) the just deserts model
B) the medical model
C) the prescription model
D) the brokerage model

Question 10

Probation work is twofold: case investigation and offender supervision. Which one of the following is not an element of offender supervision?

A) preparing the presentence report
B) providing offenders access to services
C) monitoring the probationer's activities
D) holding offenders accountable

Question 11

Federal courts require that the PSR be disclosed to the defendant, his or her counsel, and the attorney for the government, except in three instances. Which one of the following is not one of the three exceptions?

A) when disclosure might disrupt rehabilitation of the defendant
B) when information disclosed in the PSR was obtained on the promise of confidentiality
C) when disclosure might result in harm to the defendant or any other person
D) when disclosure might interfere with a defendant's right to appeal

Question 12

Researchers asked Utah judges how they use the PSR. What did 90 percent of the judges claim?

A) they start at the beginning and read the entire report
B) they skip over most of the report and only focus on the evaluative summary and sentence recommendation
C) they skim and scan the entire report
D) they ask the probation officer for an oral summary

Question 13

Which one of the following counseling strategies refers to a style of offender-centered counseling that facilitates changes in behavior.

A) cognitive behavioral treatment
B) psychotherapy
C) motivational interviewing
D) guided group interaction

Question 14

Which one of the following was not discussed as a way for probation officers to lessen the tension and mistrust between themselves and their probationers?

A) match probationers and probation officers by race/ethnicity and gender
B) demonstrate high service energy
C) demonstrate a nonjudgmental attitude
D) demonstrate knowledge of the probationer's culture

Question 15

A problem-focused intervention that emphasizes skill training to change the way an individual perceives, reflects, and thinks describes:

A) motivational interviewing
B) cognitive-behavioral treatment
C) personal problem solving
D) working alliance

Question 16

The theory behind this type of offender counseling is that offenders' distorted cognition impairs their ability to correctly read social clues, accept blame, and morally reason, thereby creating a sense of entitlement.

A) motivational interviewing
B) cognitive-behavioral treatment
C) personal problem solving
D) working alliance

Question 17

As discussed in the chapter, revocation is a serious matter for several reasons. Which one of the following is not one of those reasons?

A) processing revocation consumes a significant portion of the court's time, energy, and resources
B) if revocation results in incarceration the costs are even higher
C) imprisoning offenders who otherwise would have been placed on probation may force their families to go on welfare or make greater demands on community resources
D) revocation hearings require new trials and offenders' access to due process

Question 18

The U.S. Supreme Court extended due process right to probationers in which case?

A) Gagnon v. Scarpelli
B) Morrissey v. Brewer
C) Scarpelli v. Brewer
D) Morrissey v. Gagnon

Question 19

Which due process right did the U. S. Supreme Court not grant probationers in revocation hearings?

A) written notice of the charge
B) disclosure to the probationer of the evidence
C) ^{automatic right to counsel}
D) the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses

Question 20

Which one of the following was not discussed as an important criterion for establishing probation caseload sizes?

A) breaking cases down by risk of reoffending
B) breaking cases down by offense type
C) breaking cases down by criminogenic needs
D) breaking cases down by race/ethnicity

Question 21

The most common organizational structure for organizing probation across the United States is:

A) a state executive agency
B) county or multicounty agencies in the executive branch
C) the judicial branch of state government
D) local agencies in the judicial branch deliver probation services

Question 22

Probation is the most frequently used criminal sanction.

Question 23

Release on one's personal word is referred to as release on recognizance

Question 24

The founder of probation in America is Judge Peter Oxenbridge Thatcher.

Question 25

The majority of probationers are female.

Question 26

The most common type of offense for which probationers were under supervision at the end of 2008 was a drug offense.

Question 27

If you want to compare the probation population in one state (e.g., California) with another state (say, Montana), a total count is the best statistic to use.

Question 28

The rate of probation has remained relatively stable from 2000 to 2008.

Question 29

The medical model is a philosophy of offender treatment that regards criminal behavior as a disease to be treated.

Question 30

The medical model is a philosophy of offender treatment that calls attention to the influence of the social environment on offending behavior.

Question 31

Probationers are punished because they deserve it describes the just deserts model of offender treatment.

Question 32

Evidence-based research has shown that surveillance-focused strategies (for example, intensive probation supervision and remote location monitoring) reduce criminal activity, on average, a statistically significant 8 to 22 percent.

Question 33

Offender supervision includes preparation of the presentence report (PSR).

Question 34

In offender supervision, probation officers provide offenders access to services, monitor the probationer's activities, and hold offenders accountable.

Question 35

Judges use the PSR to determine whether the offender should be incarcerated or placed on probation.

Question 36

Federal courts are required to disclose the PSR to the defendant.

Question 37

State courts are required to disclose the PSR to the defendant.

Question 38

In Williams v. Oklahoma, the U.S. Supreme Court banned the use of hearsay information in the PSR.

Question 39

Researchers asked Utah judges how they use the PSR and found that 90 percent claimed to skip over most of the report and only focus on the evaluative summary and sentence recommendation.

Question 40

A probation officer's job conflict refers to the uneasy combination of enforcing the law and helping the offender.

Question 41

Transactional analysis is a style of offender-centered counseling that facilitates changes in behavior.

Question 42

The core principle of motivational interviewing is negotiation rather than conflict.

Question 43

A strong principle of motivational interviewing is that conflict between the probation officer and defendant is helpful.

Question 44

The APA believes that the establishment of a working alliance contributes more to the outcomes of treatment and supervision than the type of treatment or intervention delivered.

Question 45

CBT employs techniques such as modeling, graduated practice, role playing, reinforcement, and concrete verbal suggestions that give offenders a new bank of skills to change offending behavior.

Question 46

The evidence-based literature on CBT shows, on average, a statistically significant 7 to 8 percent reduction in the recidivism rates of program participants compared with a treatment-as-usual group.

Question 47

The National Institute of Corrections says that, in general, offenders respond far better to CBT than any other program intervention.

Question 48

Probation is unconditional.

Question 49

All probationers are subject to special conditions of supervision.

Question 50

Successful probation ends with a revocation hearing.

Question 51

The number of persons successfully completing the terms of probation is increasing.

Question 52

One way to reserve prison space for violent offenders is to structure the court's response to technical violations.

Question 53

In Gagnon v. Scarpelli, the U.S. Supreme Court extended to probationers the same due process rights it had granted to parolees in 1972.

Question 54

The American Probation and Parole Association found that using evidence-based practices, it is possible to develop caseload sizes.

Question 55

The judicial branch of state government is the most common organizational structure for administering probation across the United States.

Question 56

Private probation agencies mostly supervise low-risk offenders.

Question 57

The Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that because of the decline in the probation population, opportunities for probation officers and correctional treatment specialists are projected to decrease considerable through 2018.

Question 58

Probation's success is usually measured by the amount of restitution collected, number of offenders employed, amount of fines and fees collected, hours of community service performed, number

Question 59

______ refers to a program in which courts establish supervision over adult offenders in the community, generally in lieu of incarceration.

Question 60

A combined short-term incarceration sentence immediately followed by probation is referred to as____________

Question 61

Release on one's personal word is referred to as______.

Question 62

The founder of probation in America is______.

Question 63

The most common type of offense for which probationers were under supervision was_____________

Question 64

If you want to compare the probation population in one state with another state, the best statistic to use is______:

Question 65

A philosophy of offender treatment that calls attention to the influence of the social environment on offending behavior is______.

Question 66

A philosophy of offender treatment that regards criminal behavior as a disease to be treated is_______

Question 67

Probationers are punished because they deserve it describes the______model of offender treatment.

Question 68

Probation work is twofold:______and______.

Question 69

______ includes preparation of the presentence report (PSR).

Question 70

A______is a request from one criminal justice agency to another asking the agency hold the offender for the requesting agency or notify the agency when the offender's release is close at hand.

Question 71

In which role of a probation officer (preparation of the PSR or offender supervision) do probation officers experience job conflict?______

Question 72

______ is a style of offender-centered counseling that facilitates changes in behavior.

Question 73

______ describes an effective relationship between a change agent and a client, with negotiated goals and a mutual willingness to compromise to meet the goals or maintain a viable relationship.

Question 74

______ describes a problem-focused intervention that emphasizes skill training to change the way an individual perceives, reflects, and thinks.

Question 75

All probationers are subject to______conditions of supervision.

Question 76

______ is the formal termination of an offender's conditional freedom.

Question 77

A______is a due process hearing conducted by the court or probation authority to determine whether the conditions of probation or parole have been violated.

Question 78

The most common organizational structure for organizing probation across the United States is

Question 79

Private probation mostly supervises which level risk offenders?